Multifunctional role of exosomes in viral diseases: From transmission to diagnosis and therapy

Chaudhari, Pinal; Ghate, Vivek; Nampoothiri, Madhavan; Lewis, Shaila

doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110325

Cited by 36 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 153 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…Exosomes play a critical role in viral infections [ 278 ]. Exosomes and viruses share structural and physicochemical features, such as size, shape, biochemical composition, and biomolecule transportation pathways within cells [ 279 , 280 ].…”

Section: The Diverse Roles Of Exosomes In Viral Infection and Neuroge...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis

Mysiris

Vavougios

Karamichali

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, globally. Dopaminergic neuron degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta and aggregation of misfolded alpha-synuclein are the PD hallmarks, accompanied by motor and non-motor symptoms. Several viruses have been linked to the appearance of a post-infection parkinsonian phenotype. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has evolved from a novel pneumonia to a multifaceted syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations, among which neurological sequalae appear insidious and potentially long-lasting. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles bearing a complex cargo of active biomolecules and playing crucial roles in intercellular communication under pathophysiological conditions. Exosomes constitute a reliable route for misfolded protein transmission, contributing to PD pathogenesis and diagnosis. Herein, we summarize recent evidence suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infection shares numerous clinical manifestations and inflammatory and molecular pathways with PD. We carry on hypothesizing that these similarities may be reflected in exosomal cargo modulated by the virus in correlation with disease severity. Travelling from the periphery to the brain, SARS-CoV-2-related exosomal cargo contains SARS-CoV-2 RNA, viral proteins, inflammatory mediators, and modified host proteins that could operate as promoters of neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory cascades, potentially leading to a future parkinsonism and PD development.

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Section: The Diverse Roles Of Exosomes In Viral Infection and Neuroge...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis

Mysiris

Vavougios

Karamichali

et al. 2022

IJMS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes are produced by virus-infected cells and are thought to be involved in intercellular communication between infected and uninfected cells. Studies confirmed that EVs are secreted from cells infected by viruses and that these EVs deliver viral particles, genomes, and other viral elements to neighboring cells, helping to establish productive infections and modulate the host immune response [ 15 , 27 ]. It is plausible that the envelopment of virions or the viral genome by EVs may expand the tropism of the virus, as EV surface proteins engage target cells not viral surface proteins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exosomes mediate Coxsackievirus B3 transmission and expand the viral tropism

Xiong

2023

PLoS Pathog

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Specific virus-receptor interactions are important determinants in viral host range, tropism and pathogenesis, influencing the location and initiation of primary infection as well as viral spread to other target organs/tissues in the postviremic phase. Coxsackieviruses of Group B (CVB) and its six serotypes (CVB1-6) specifically interact with two receptor proteins, coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and decay-accelerating factor (DAF), and cause various lesions in most permissive tissues. However, our previous data and other studies revealed that virus receptor-negative cells or tissues can be infected with CVB type 3 (CVB3), which can also effectively replicate. To study this interesting finding, we explored the possibility that exosomes are involved in CVB3 tropism and that exosomes functionally enhance CVB3 transmission. We found that exosomes carried and delivered CVB3 virions, resulting in efficient infection in receptor-negative host cells. We also found that delivery of CVB3 virions attached to exosomes depended on the virus receptor CAR. Importantly, exosomes carrying CVB3 virions exhibited greater infection efficiency than free virions because they accessed various entry routes, overcoming restrictions to viral tropism. In vivo experiments demonstrated that inhibition of exosome coupling with virions attenuated CVB3-induced immunological system dysfunction and reduced mortality. Our study describes a new mechanism in which exosomes contribute to viral tropism, spread, and pathogenesis.

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“…In the latter case, the replicative viral structures can be “quasi-enveloped” (e.g., “cloaked” inside EVs) [ 30 ]. EVs loaded with viruses may be directly infective as proven for HBV, HIV, and EBV [ 31 ] in parallel with replicative viral particles. The examples of virus-derived components detected in EVs are presented in Table 1 .…”

Section: Cargo and Fate Of Evsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HPV-Related Cervical Cancer and Extracellular Vesicles

et al. 2022

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Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in females worldwide. Infection with a human papillomavirus is crucial to the etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer. The natural trajectory of HPV infection comprises HPV acquisition, HPV persistence versus clearance, and progression to precancer and invasive cancer. The majority of HPV infections are cleared and controlled by the immune system within 2 years, but some infections may become quiescent or undetectable. The persistence of high-risk HPV infection for a longer period of time enhances the risk of malignant transformation of infected cells; however, the mechanisms responsible for the persistence of infection are not yet well-understood. It is estimated that 10–15% of infections do persist, and the local microenvironment is now recognized as an important cofactor promoting infection maintenance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles derived from both normal cells and cancer cells. EVs contain various proteins, such as cytoskeletal proteins, adhesion molecules, heat shock proteins, major histocompatibility complex, and membrane fusion proteins. EVs derived from HPV-infected cells also contain viral proteins and nucleic acids. These biologically active molecules are transferred via EVs to target cells, constituting a kind of cell-to-cell communication. The viral components incorporated into EVs are transmitted independently of the production of infectious virions. This mode of transfer makes EVs a perfect vector for viruses and their components. EVs participate in both physiological and pathological conditions; they have also been identified as one of the mediators involved in cancer metastasis. This review discusses the potential role of EVs in remodeling the cervical cancer microenvironment which may be crucial to tumor development and the acquisition of metastatic potential. EVs are promising as potential biomarkers in cervical cancer.

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Multifunctional role of exosomes in viral diseases: From transmission to diagnosis and therapy

Cited by 36 publications

References 153 publications

Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis

Post-COVID-19 Parkinsonism and Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Exosomal Cargo Hypothesis

Exosomes mediate Coxsackievirus B3 transmission and expand the viral tropism

HPV-Related Cervical Cancer and Extracellular Vesicles

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