Over the last two decades the molecular phylogeny and classification of
Metarhizium
has been widely studied. Despite these efforts to understand this enigmatic genus, the basal lineages in
Metarhizium
are still poorly resolved. In this study, a phylogenetic framework is reconstructed for the
Clavicipitaceae
focusing on
Metarhizium
through increased taxon-sampling using five genomic loci (SSU, LSU,
tef, rpb1, rpb
2) and the barcode marker ITS rDNA. Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses and morphological characterisation of green-spored entomopathogenic
Metarhizium
isolates from Thailand and soil isolates of
M. carneum
and
M. marquandii
reveal their ecological, genetic and species diversity. Nineteen new species are recognised in the
Metarhizium
clade with narrow host ranges: two new species are found in the
M. anisopliae
complex –
M. clavatum
on
Coleoptera
larvae and
M. sulphureum
on
Lepidoptera
larvae; four new species are found in the
M. flavoviride
complex –
M. biotecense
and
M. fusoideum
on brown plant hoppers (
Hemiptera
),
M. culicidarum
on mosquitoes,
M. nornnoi
on
Lepidoptera
larvae; three new species
M. megapomponiae, M. cicadae, M. niveum
occur on cicadas; five new species
M. candelabrum, M. cercopidarum, M. ellipsoideum, M. huainamdangense M. ovoidosporum
occur on planthoppers, leafhoppers and froghoppers (
Hemiptera
); one new species
M. eburneum
on
Lepidoptera
pupae; and four new species
M. phuwiangense, M. purpureum, M. purpureonigrum, M. flavum
on
Coleoptera
.
Of these 19 new species, seven produce a sexual morph (
M. clavatum, M. eburneum, M. flavum, M. phuwiangense, M. purpureonigrum, M. purpureum,
and
M. sulphureum
) and asexual morphs are found in the remaining new species and also in
M. sulphureum, M. purpureonigrum
and
M. purpureum. Metarhizium blattodeae, M. koreanum
and
M. viridulum
are new records for Thailand. An alternative neotype for
Metarhizium anisopliae
is proposed based on multi-gene and 5′
tef
analyses showing that CBS 130.71 from Ukraine is more suitable, being from a much closer geographical location to Metchnikoff’s
Metarhizium anisopliae.
This isolate is distinct from the neotype of
Metarhizium anisopliae
var.
anisopl...