Multilayered fibroblasts constructed by accelerated cellular self-assembly and applications for regenerative medicine

Abstract

relevant structure and cellular functions compared to native tissues (Griffith and Swartz, 2006;Bokhari et al., 2007;Onoe et al., 2013;Knight and Przyborski, 2015). However, methods for constructing 3D tissues are typically a complex process and still remain challenging. In general, primary cells cultured on a substrate propagate along a 2D plane since, unlike cancerous or transformed cells, they do not form a 3D multilayer once they become confluent due to contact inhibition (Takai et al., 2008). Scaffolds derived from various biomaterials can be applied for the construction of 3D tissues (Bokhari et al., 2007;Lee et al., 2009;Kim et al., 2015). Nevertheless, the presence of these scaffold materials can disturb the tissue remodeling and functions (Anderson et al., 2008; Alaribe et al., 2016), and can induce undesired foreign body reactions following implantation (Anderson