Multimodal Assessment of Microscopic Morphology and Retinal Function in Patients With Geographic Atrophy

Panorgias, Athanasios; Zawadzki, Robert J.; Capps, Arlie G.; Hunter, Allan A.; Morse, Lawrence S.; Werner, John S.

doi:10.1167/iovs.12-11525

Cited by 64 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…48 As visualized by adaptive optics-OCT, the perifoveal ISel band is ∼6.0 μm thick, too thick for a single reflective plane, and suggestive of the tapered outer half of the anatomical ISel. 49, 50 Comparing OCT scans with histology to test the relative contributions of wave guiding and scattering to band reflectivity has been hindered by the lack of human tissue specimens with perturbed photoreceptor layers, which we herein provide.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outer Retinal Tubulation in Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Schaal

Freund

Litts

et al. 2015

Retina

116

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Purpose To compare optical coherence tomography (OCT) and histology of outer retinal tubulation (ORT) secondary to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients and in post-mortem specimens, with particular attention to the basis of the hyper-reflective border of ORT. Method A private referral practice (imaging) and an academic research laboratory (histology) collaborated on two retrospective case series. High-resolution OCT raster scans of 43 eyes (34 patients) manifesting ORT secondary to advanced AMD were compared to high-resolution histological sections through the fovea and superior perifovea of donor eyes (13 atrophic AMD and 40 neovascular AMD) preserved ≤4 hours after death. Results ORT seen on OCT corresponded to histologic findings of tubular structures comprised largely of cones lacking outer segments (OS) and lacking inner segments (IS). Four phases of cone degeneration were histologically distinguishable in ORT lumenal walls, nascent, mature, degenerate, and end-stage (IS and OS; IS only; no IS; no photoreceptors and only Müller cells forming external limiting membrane, ELM, respectively). Mitochondria, which are normally long and bundled within IS ellipsoids, were small and scattered within shrunken IS and cell bodies of surviving cones. A lumenal border was delimited by an ELM. ORT observed in closed and open configurations were distinguishable from cysts and photoreceptor islands on both OCT and histology. Hyper-reflective lumenal material seen on OCT represents trapped retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and non-RPE cells. Conclusions The defining OCT features of ORT are location in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), a hyper-reflective band differentiating it from cysts, and RPE that is either dysmorphic or absent. ORT histologic and OCT findings corresponded in regard to composition, location, shape, and stages of formation. The reflectivity of ORT lumenal walls on OCT apparently does not require an OS or an IS/OS junction, indicating an independent reflectivity source, possibly mitochondria, in the IS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outer Retinal Tubulation in Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Schaal

Freund

Litts

et al. 2015

Retina

116

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“…The second hyper-reflective photoreceptor band has been traditionally considered as a single surface interface [59] and labeled as the IS/OS junction (for example, see Drexler and Fujimoto [61] or Zawadzki et al [27]). The recent claim that this band was formed by the light scattered from the EZ, would suggest that the band's thickness would be greater than a single interface reflection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently the outer retinal structures seen in OCT images are in debate, in particular the layer traditionally labeled as the IS/OS [58][59][60]. It has been argued that this layer may correspond to backscattering from the ellipsoidal mitochondria in the inner segment of photoreceptors, leading to the suggestion it should be named as the ellipsoidal zone (EZ) [58,60].…”

Section: Measure Of the Is/os Length And Axial Positions Of Individuamentioning

confidence: 99%

A dual-modal retinal imaging system with adaptive optics

Meadway¹,

Girkin²,

Zhang³

2013

Opt. Express

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An adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) is adapted to provide optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. The AO-SLO function is unchanged. The system uses the same light source, scanning optics, and adaptive optics in both imaging modes. The result is a dual-modal system that can acquire retinal images in both en face and cross-section planes at the single cell level. A new spectral shaping method is developed to reduce the large sidelobes in the coherence profile of the OCT imaging when a non-ideal source is used with a minimal introduction of noise. The technique uses a combination of two existing digital techniques. The thickness and position of the traditionally named inner segment/outer segment junction are measured from individual photoreceptors. In-vivo images of healthy and diseased human retinas are demonstrated. 1178-1181(1991). 4. T. Wilson, Confocal Microscopy (Academic Press, 1990. 5. A. Roorda, "Applications of adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy," Optom. Vis. Sci. 87(4), 260-268 (2010). 6. R. Yadav, K. S. Lee, J. P. Rolland, J. M. Zavislan, J. V. Aquavella, and G. Yoon, "Micrometer axial resolution OCT for corneal imaging," Biomed. Opt. Express 2(11), 3037-3046 (2011 27(1), 45-88 (2008). 62. B. Cense, N. Nassif, T. Chen, M. Pierce, S. H. Yun, B. Park, B. Bouma, G. Tearney, and J. de Boer, "Ultrahighresolution high-speed retinal imaging using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography," Opt. Express 12(11), 2435-2447 (2004).

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“…Reports on applying AO-OCT to study retinal and optic nerve head diseases have emerged in recent years [71]–[78]. New emerging directions for AO-OCT systems include the study of retinal function [79] and development of dedicated instruments for testing animal models of human disease [80].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress on Developing Adaptive Optics–Optical Coherence Tomography for In Vivo Retinal Imaging: Monitoring and Correction of Eye Motion Artifacts

Zawadzki

Capps

Kim

et al. 2014

IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron.

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Recent progress in retinal image acquisition techniques, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), combined with improved performance of adaptive optics (AO) instrumentation, has resulted in improvement in the quality of in vivo images of cellular structures in the human retina. Here, we present a short review of progress on developing AO-OCT instruments. Despite significant progress in imaging speed and resolution, eye movements present during acquisition of a retinal image with OCT introduce motion artifacts into the image, complicating analysis and registration. This effect is especially pronounced in high-resolution datasets acquired with AO-OCT instruments. Several retinal tracking systems have been introduced to correct retinal motion during data acquisition. We present a method for correcting motion artifacts in AO-OCT volume data after acquisition using simultaneously captured adaptive optics-scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) images. We extract transverse eye motion data from the AO-SLO images, assign a motion adjustment vector to each AO-OCT A-scan, and re-sample from the scattered data back onto a regular grid. The corrected volume data improve the accuracy of quantitative analyses of microscopic structures.

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Multimodal Assessment of Microscopic Morphology and Retinal Function in Patients With Geographic Atrophy

Cited by 64 publications

References 64 publications

Outer Retinal Tubulation in Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Outer Retinal Tubulation in Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration

A dual-modal retinal imaging system with adaptive optics

Progress on Developing Adaptive Optics–Optical Coherence Tomography for In Vivo Retinal Imaging: Monitoring and Correction of Eye Motion Artifacts

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