“…Globalization was already subjected to considerable academic and political debate and criticism prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic (Buckley & Hashai, 2020). The main causes for these debates were the economic inequalities between the global North and South (Adams, Nayak, et al, 2018; Ullah, Adams, Adams, & Attah‐Boakye, 2021), the fragility of global supply chains and networks, the encouragement of wastefulness, human rights violations, and a total disregard for the environment (Dentoni, Bitzer, & Schouten, 2018; Giuliani & Macchi, 2014). Technology multinational enterprises (TMNEs) reduce operational costs within value chains by pursuing a relentless drive towards digitization and platformization of business strategy by embedding advanced technology (see Enderwick & Buckley, 2020).…”