Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic ImagingUpdate based on the original article by Todd Richards,<i>Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry</i>, © 2000, John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.

Richards, Todd L.

doi:10.1002/9780470027318.a0110.pub2

Cited by 2 publications

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References 112 publications

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“…This method is applied to detect neuronal pathways (tractography), for tumour differentiation or early recognition of cerebral ischaemia. 34 ) can also be detected by modifying the coils, generators and assessment sequences. MRS is mainly applied to examine brain metabolism, to differentiate tumorous tissues or to assess drug pharmacodynamics.…”

Section: Micro-mrimentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the art in vivo imaging techniques for laboratory animals

et al. 2017

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In recent decades, imaging devices have become indispensable tools in the basic sciences, in preclinical research and in modern drug development. The rapidly evolving high-resolution in vivo imaging technologies provide a unique opportunity for studying biological processes of living organisms in real time on a molecular level. State of the art small-animal imaging modalities provide non-invasive images rich in quantitative anatomical and functional information, which renders longitudinal studies possible allowing precise monitoring of disease progression and response to therapy in models of different diseases. The number of animals in a scientific investigation can be substantially reduced using imaging techniques, which is in full compliance with the ethical endeavours for the 3R (reduction, refinement, replacement) policies formulated by Russell and Burch; furthermore, biological variability can be alleviated, as each animal serves as its own control. The most suitable and commonly used imaging modalities for in vivo small-animal imaging are optical imaging (OI), ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and finally the methods of nuclear medicine: positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

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Section: Micro-mrimentioning

confidence: 99%

State of the art in vivo imaging techniques for laboratory animals

et al. 2017

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“…In reality, MRSI imaging consists of a hybrid system that provides and relates images in a given tissue or organ with the concentration of certain chemicals found in the same tissue or organ, providing information about tissue biochemistry. [84]. Magnetic nuclei in a molecule are surrounded by other magnetic or charged particles with which they interact, causing a chemical shift, providing unique resonance frequencies for nuclei of different molecular groups.…”

Section: Mrsimentioning

confidence: 99%

Preclinical Imaging: an Essential Ally in Modern Biosciences

et al. 2013

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Translational research is changing the practice of modern medicine and the way in which health problems are approached and solved. The use of small-animal models in basic and preclinical sciences is a major keystone for these kinds of research and development strategies, representing a bridge between discoveries at the molecular level and clinical implementation in diagnostics and/or therapeutics. The development of high-resolution in vivo imaging technologies provides a unique opportunity for studying disease in real time, in a quantitative way, at the molecular level, along with the ability to repeatedly and non-invasively monitor disease progression or response to treatment. The greatest advantages of preclinical imaging techniques include the reduction of biological variability and the opportunity to acquire, in continuity, an impressive amount of unique information (without interfering with the biological process under study) in distinct forms, repeated or modulated as needed, along with the substantial reduction in the number of animals required for a particular study, fully complying with 3R (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) policies. The most suitable modalities for small-animal in vivo imaging applications are based on nuclear medicine techniques (essentially, positron emission tomography [PET] and single photon emission computed tomography [SPECT]), optical imaging (OI), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (MRSI), and ultrasound. Each modality has intrinsic advantages and limitations. More recently, aiming to overcome the inherent limitations of each imaging modality, multimodality devices designed to provide complementary information upon the pathophysiological process under study have gained popularity. The combination of high-resolution modalities, like micro-CT or micro-MRI, with highly sensitive techniques providing functional information, such as micro-PET or micro-SPECT, will continue to broaden the horizons of research in such key areas as infection, oncology, cardiology, and neurology, contributing not only to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease, but also providing efficient and unique tools for evaluating new chemical entities and candidate drugs. The added value of small-animal imaging techniques has driven their increasing use by pharmaceutical companies, contract research organizations, and research institutions.

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Multinuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic ImagingUpdate based on the original article by Todd Richards,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Cited by 2 publications

References 112 publications

State of the art in vivo imaging techniques for laboratory animals

State of the art in vivo imaging techniques for laboratory animals

Preclinical Imaging: an Essential Ally in Modern Biosciences

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