Multinucleated giant cells in AIDS encephalopathy: an immunohistochemical study

Botticelli, A; Criscuolo, Marianna; Gregório, Cleandra

doi:10.1007/bf02333775

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 14 publications

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“…Hallmarks of the neuropathology associated with HIV infection and HAND/HAD are the formation of multinucleated giant cells as well as microglial nodules. As reported by Botticelli et al in 2004, the evidence of multinucleated giant cells and microglial nodules has been detected after histopathological analysis from brain tissue of the AIDS patients, as the microglial cells were positive for immune-histochemical markers like Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA 1) and ferritin while the absence of these markers in other types of cells from the brain confirms the source of multinucleated giant cells from microglia [ 55 ]. RCA-1 stain for microglia while stained ferritin shows the presence of free ferritin and is an indicator of neurodegeneration.…”

Section: Type Of Cells Infected With Hiv In the Central Nervous System (Cns)mentioning

confidence: 81%

HIV-Associated Neurotoxicity: The Interplay of Host and Viral Proteins

Jadhav

Nema

2021

Mediators of Inflammation

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HIV-1 can incite activation of chemokine receptors, inflammatory mediators, and glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. The mechanisms associated with such immune activation can disrupt neuronal and glial functions. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is being observed since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic due to a change in the functional integrity of cells from the central nervous system (CNS). Even with the presence of antiretroviral therapy, there is a decline in the functioning of the brain especially movement skills, noticeable swings in mood, and routine performance activities. Under the umbrella of HAND, various symptomatic and asymptomatic conditions are categorized and are on a rise despite the use of newer antiretroviral agents. Due to the use of long-lasting antiretroviral agents, this deadly disease is becoming a manageable chronic condition with the occurrence of asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI), symptomatic mild neurocognitive disorder, or HIV-associated dementia. In-depth research in the pathogenesis of HIV has focused on various mechanisms involved in neuronal dysfunction and associated toxicities ultimately showcasing the involvement of various pathways. Increasing evidence-based studies have emphasized a need to focus and explore the specific pathways in inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disorders. In the current review, we have highlighted the association of various HIV proteins and neuronal cells with their involvement in various pathways responsible for the development of neurotoxicity.

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Section: Type Of Cells Infected With Hiv In the Central Nervous System (Cns)mentioning

confidence: 81%

HIV-Associated Neurotoxicity: The Interplay of Host and Viral Proteins

Jadhav

Nema

2021

Mediators of Inflammation

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Aids and the CNS: Anesthetic Implications

Shapiro¹

1993

Anesthesia and the Central Nervous System

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Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HIV-1 in reactive microglia

et al. 1992

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Using ferritin as a marker of reactive microglia, we demonstrated a close association between proliferation of reactive microglia and expression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in brain tissue from autopsied cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). An increased number of ferritin-positive reactive microglia was observed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded brain sections from all 13 AIDS cases examined. Similar findings were observed in brain tissue from other neurological diseases (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and multiple sclerosis). Multinucleated giant cells were found in 7 of the AIDS cases which were also intensely labeled for ferritin. Dual-label immunohistochemistry using anti-ferritin and cell-specific markers showed that ferritin-positive cells were distinct from astrocytes, neurons and endothelia using anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (anti-GFAP), anti-neurofilament protein and Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1, respectively. In 5 AIDS brains, only ferritin-positive cells were shown to contain HIV-1 gp41 antigen using dual-label immunohistochemistry. In addition, HIV-1 RNA was localized in ferritin-positive reactive microglia but not in GFAP-positive astrocytes using immunohistochemistry combined with in situ hybridization. Ferritin-positive reactive microglia and multinucleated giant cells were co-labeled with the microglial marker, Ricinus communis agglutinin 1 (RCA-1). However, RCA-1 also extensively stained resting microglia only a few of which were co-labeled for ferritin. The density of ferritin-positive cells was correlated with the presence of HIV-1 RNA-positive cells in AIDS brain. Thus, ferritin immunoreactivity can be used as an activation marker of microglia in archival paraffin sections and reflects the extent of inflammation in HIV-1-infected brain.

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Multinucleated giant cells in AIDS encephalopathy: an immunohistochemical study

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

HIV-Associated Neurotoxicity: The Interplay of Host and Viral Proteins

HIV-Associated Neurotoxicity: The Interplay of Host and Viral Proteins

Aids and the CNS: Anesthetic Implications

Simultaneous detection of ferritin and HIV-1 in reactive microglia

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