Multipath opportunistic RPL routing over IEEE 802.15.4

Abstract

We consider the problem of running RPL on top of the ieee 802.15.4 MAC layer-the two layers operate over two different structures, a directed acyclic graph in the case of RPL and a cluster-tree for ieee 802.15.4. We propose to adapt the cluster-tree of ieee 802.15.4 so that it can efficiently work coupled with rpl. Nodes in our modified cluster-tree can associate with several parent nodes by taking advantage of an adequate organization of superframes at the MAC layer. Building on this modified MAC layer, we define an opportunistic forwarding scheme that extends rpl with the possibility of forwarding packets over multiple paths. Instead of always using a preferred parent, a node opportunistically forwards packets through other parents as long as their routes towards the sink are better. We take advantage of the opportunistic forwarding to support higherpriority delay-sensitive alarms that need to arrive in sink before a given deadline along with low-intensity monitoring data considered as best-effort. We compare our opportunistic version of RPL to its basic version through detailed simulations in terms of packet delivery ratio, incurred delay, and overhead.

IETF Standardization in the Field of the Internet of Things (IoT): A Survey

“…In the table the TOSSIM simulator, standard for TinyOS, is not mentioned because TOSSIM requires micaz support, which is not available for TinyRPL. Several research papers such as [52] and [53] also implemented the RPL protocol into the WSNet simulator. In [53] this implementation is based on draft-ietf-roll-rpl-05.…”

A Survey on the Internet-of-Things: Standards, Challenges and Future Prospects

“…ADOV [53] and DSR [54] are the well-known routing protocols for ad-hoc networks [55], and a geographic routing is also suitable for unstable networks such as vehicular networks [56]. 6LowPAN in IoT practically assume RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks) as a routing protocol [57], [58], [59]. Hence, an implementation has been developed on real devices [60], [61], [62], [63], and evaluation software have also proposed [64], [65], [66].…”

Multi-path Data Distribution Mechanism Based on RPL for Energy Consumption and Time Delay

“…In [14], authors present a HeLD (Heuristic Load Distribution) algorithm based on the multipath extension of standard RPL, trying to achieve a balanced traffic load while maximizing total throughput in the network lifetime. Reference [15][16][17] achieve multipath by modifying the underlying layer or controlling parameters. In [15] authors modify cluster heads in MAC layer and expand RPL through defining opportunity transmission scheme.…”

“…Reference [15][16][17] achieve multipath by modifying the underlying layer or controlling parameters. In [15] authors modify cluster heads in MAC layer and expand RPL through defining opportunity transmission scheme. This scheme only considers delay but not guarantee traffic balance, thus it does not prolong network lifetime.…”