“…Its versatility allows researchers to use it to design, operate and optimize fluid systems (Norton and Sun, 2010;Thévenin and Janiga, 2008). On the other hand, the discrete phase model (DPM) and the discrete element method (DEM) are novel techniques used to estimate the particle movement in fluid systems (Fryer et al, 2011;Norton and Sun, 2007;Tsotsas and Mujumdar, 2014).…”