“…Metabolomics has been widely used in the study of plants ( Sumner et al, 2003 ; Mwamba et al, 2020 ), animals ( Ji et al, 2015 ; Kim et al, 2016 ; Song et al, 2018 ), microorganisms ( Milreu et al, 2013 ), and ecosystems ( Boroujerdi et al, 2009 ), as well as in elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of pollutants because it maps alterations in metabolites induced by exposure ( Nicholson et al, 1999 ; Sugiura et al, 2005 ). The high applicability of metabolomics is because it qualitatively and quantitatively characterizes the chemical characteristics of low-molecular metabolites (<1,000 Da), which are the final products of cell regulatory pathways in cells, tissues ( Cappello, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2020 ).…”