“…Since traumatic events as well as different pathological processes involving the skull, meninges, brain, vertebral column, and spinal cord in humans, also occur in big mammals, the structure and function of their ICVSs are similar; the porcine, canine, ovine, and feline models are often used in experimental and clinical neuroscience for translational research [10, 13, 14, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 35, 37, 47, 51, 53-56, 58, 59]. Besides, there are owners willing to pay considerable sums of money for the treatment of their pets, the intracranial procedures in cats and dogs are performed more and more frequently during the last decades [18,22,31,40,46,50,52,53]. One of the significant hazards of craniotomy and brain surgery is an injury of important venous structures.…”