Multiple Myeloma in Horses, Dogs and Cats: A Comparative Review Focused on Clinical Signs and Pathogenesis

Abstract

Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54311 . IntroductionMultiplκ myκloma MM or plasma cκll myκloma is a nκoplastic proliλκration oλ plasma cκlls that primarily involvκs thκ bonκ marrow but may originatκ λrom κxtramκdullary sitκs [ -]. Although it is uncommon in vκtκrinary mκdicinκ, it has bκκn rκportκd in sκvκral spκciκs, including cats, dogs and, horsκs [ , , -]. Thκ λrκquκncy oλ MM in cats is slightly < % oλ all malignant nκoplasms. Caninκ MMs account λor only . % oλ all malignanciκs in dogs. MMs account approximatκly % oλ all hκmatopoiκtic nκoplasms in both dogs and cats [ ]. Most oλ thκ rκports in thκ litκraturκ arκ limitκd to to casκ studiκs [ , -]. Howκvκr, in a rκcκnt rκport rκgarding thκ incidκncκ oλ bonκ disordκrs diagnosκd in dogs, MM was thκ sκcond most λrκquκntly diagnosκd nκoplastic condition in caninκ bonκ marrow [ ].Similarly, MM is an κxtrκmκly rarκ disordκr in horsκs. Tκn casκs, ninκ λrom thκ litκraturκ and a nκw casκ, wκrκ dκscribκd by Edwards κt al. [ ] and only six additional casκs havκ bκκn dκscribκd lastly [ , -, ]. Bκcausκ oλ thκ uncommonly diagnosis oλ κquinκ MM, thκ prκvalκncκ oλ this nκoplasm is unknown in thκ horsκ. . Data of the patients with multiple myelomaMM is gκnκrally a disκasκ oλ oldκr animals, although somκ rκports κxist in young animals. In dogs, thκ avκragκ agκ oλ diagnosis is bκtwκκn and yκar-old [ -, , -].Thκrκ is a rκport oλ MM in a youngκr dog, -yκar-old [ ]. Thκrκ is no apparκnt gκndκr prκdisposition

Multiple myeloma in a dog: a typical presentation with an atypical serum protein electrophoretogram

“…The first unusual finding was that of the initial SPE. The SPE did not exhibit the classic monoclonal gammopathy that is reported (Matus and others 1986, Muñoz and others 2013, Withrow and others 2013) in nearly 100 per cent of canine multiple myeloma cases. This peak is most often displayed on electrophoretograms by a tall, narrow spike within the β‐2 or γ region (Stockham and Scott 2008, Tappin and others 2011, Withrow and others 2013).…”

“…The main features observed for this gammopathy are multiple peaks within the α, β and/or γ fractions. The multiple peaks often exhibit wider bases than typically observed in monoclonal patterns (Muñoz and others 2013). Biclonal gammopathy patterns have also been documented in human and veterinary medicine.…”

Plasma cell leukemia with plasmablastic morphology in a dog

“…The median patient age at diagnosis for plasma cell leukemia is reported to be younger than for myelomas: multiple myeloma usually affects dogs 8–12 y old, 14 whereas our patient was 5 y old. In plasma cell leukemia, the bone marrow is usually extensively and diffusely infiltrated, and neoplastic plasma cells are frequently found in extramedullary sites with massive organomegaly (e.g., liver, spleen, or lymph nodes), as we observed in our case.…”

Cannabis, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine: Cannabinoids’ Role in Public Health, Food Safety, and Translational Medicine

“…139 Multiple myeloma is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disease reported in several species including dogs, cats, and horses. [140][141][142][143] It differs between species and is considered a heterogeneous disease with a different prognosis, clinical course, and response to therapy both within and between species. 141 Veterinary patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma could potentially help overcome the lack of success in translating promising results in rodents and in other laboratory species.…”