Multiple Pro-197 substitutions in the acetolactate synthase of rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and their impact on chlorsulfuron activity and plant growth

Molecular basis of Cyperus difformis cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides

“…Similar results were reported by others [13] who had found previously that the substitution of Pro-197 by Ala, Arg, Gln, Leu, or Ser and probably His or Val resulted in resistant rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) to chlorsulfuron. The detection of the Pro-197 mutation in the two alleles suggests that the 20 R sequenced individual plants were homozygous (RR) for the resistant Pro-197-Ser or Pro-197-Ala allele.…”

“…In contrast to our findings, other researchers [13] did not reveal in the C. difformis als gene any of the mutations previously found to endow target-site resistance, although their whole-plant and ALS enzyme activity assays indicated cross-resistance patterns to all five chemical classes of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. This inability to detect resistance mutations in R C. difformis populations could be attributed to the possible presence of additional als genes, which were not amplified by the primers used [14].…”

“…The amplification of the als gene fragment (352 bp) from genomic DNA of the R and S populations, which includes the Pro-197 codon was performed using the forward 5′-ATTC ACCAAGCCCTTACGAG-3′ and the reverse 5′-GAAGTGGCCAAGAAAAAT GC-3′ primers. These primers were designed on the basis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the als gene reported by Merrotto et al (13) for C. difformis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) consisted of 0.2 mM deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate (dNTPs), 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 10 μΜ of each forward and reverse primer, 2 μL of the supplied 10 × thermophilic buffer, 1 μL of genomic DNA diluted at 20 ng/μL and 1 enzyme unit (U) of standard Thermus aquaticus (Taq) polymerase in 20 μL mixture.…”

“…The rapid appearance of ALS-resistant cases in the field results from the extensive use of ALS herbicides and suggests that many als gene resistance mutations can occur due to a high initial resistance gene frequency, simple and dominant genetic inheritance and lack of major fitness cost of the resistance mutations [12,13]. Cyperus difformis is a highly self-pollinating C3-type annual emergent aquatic species [14].…”

Application of antagonist Bacillus amyloliquefaciens NCPSJ7 against Botrytis cinerea in postharvest Red Globe grapes

“…Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the most destructive diseases in grape production Jaspers, Seyb, Trought, & Balasubramaniam, 2016;Liu et al, 2016). At present, the main prevention and control methods for grape gray mold include the use of chemical fungicides, such as cyprodinil (Latorre & Torres, 2012), pyrimethanil (Gil, Becker, & Viegas, 2014), fludioxonil (Zhang et al, 2015), and fenhexamid (Petit et al, 2010). However, the irrational use and inherent weaknesses of these chemical drugs have resulted in serious environmental pollution , fungicide resistance (De Miccolis Angelini et al, 2014), and pesticide residues (Cabras et al, 1997), which have affected the ecosystem balance and human health (Esteve-Turrillas, Agulló, Abad-Somovilla, Mercader, & Abad-Fuentes, 2016;Orton, Rosivatz, Scholze, & Kortenkamp, 2011).…”