Multiple Sclerosis: Are Protective Immune Mechanisms Compromised by a Complex Infectious Background?

Krone, Bernd; Grange, John M.

doi:10.4061/2011/708750

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…HERV has been isolated from CSF, serum and plasma of the patients with MS (18, 30). In this respect it is of interest that the presence of HERV sequences, and in particular those of the γ-retroviruses HERV-W/MSRV and of HERV-H/F, have ben found in association with MS (31,32). In addition increased levels of antibody reactivity to specific γ-retroviral HERV Gag and Env epitopes have been found in serum and CSF from MS patients (19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Toxoplasma Gondii Exposure with Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2016

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Objective: Toxoplasma gondii infection is a very common parasitic disease in human. In Turkey, the rate of seropositivity was reported as 23.1% to 36%. Because of the high affinity of parasite into Central Nervous System (CNS), chronic toxoplasma infection has been found correlated with many neuropsychiatric disorders, including altered mental status, obsessive-compulsive disorder, cognitive impairment, epilepsy, headache and schizophrenia. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether T. gondii has any role in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) by measuring anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies. Methods: Fifty-two MS patients followed up and 45 controls with similar age and socioeconomic status were included in the study. Anti-T.gondii IgL antibodies of the patients and controls were studied in blood with micro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Results: Of 52 MS patients included in the study, 37 had RRMS, 10 PPMS and 5 SPMS. Mean age of onset of the disease was 31.7±10.4 (min; 14 and max; 53). Twenty three of 52 (44.2%) cases with MS and 11 of 45 (24.4%) healthy controls were positive for anti-T.gondii IgG antibodies. There was a statistically significant difference between the rates of positivity between the MS patient group and control group (p=0.042).Conclusion: This study shows a relation of chronic T. Gondii infection with MS. According to this study, experienced T.gondii infection may be one of the several environmental risk factors for MS. ÖZET Amaç: Toxoplasma gondii enfeksiyonu insanda görülen çok yaygın bir paraziter hastalıktır. Türkiye'de seropozitiflik oranı% 23.1% 36 olarak bildirilmiştir. Kronik toxoplazma enfeksiyonu, parazitin Santral Sinir Sistemine'ne (SSS) yüksek afinitesi olduğu için; obsesif-kompulsif bozukluk, bilişsel bozukluk, epilepsi, baş ağrısı ve şizofreni dahil olmak üzere, birçok nöropsikiyatrik hastalıklar ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, T. gondiyle ilişkili anti-T gondii IgG antikorlarını ölçerek Multipl Sklerozda (MS) her hangi bir rolü olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Yöntem: Çalışmaya 52 MS hastası ve benzer yaş ve sosyoekonomik statüye sahip 45 kontrol hastası çalışmaya dahil edildi. Hasta ve kontrol grubu kanlarında (ELISA) tekniğiyle immunosorbent assay mikro-enzim-bağlantılı anti-T.gondii IgG antikorları incelendi. Çalışmaya dahil edilen 52 MS hastasının 37'si RRMS, 10'u PPMS ve 5'i SPMS idi. Bulgular: Hastalığın başlangıç yaş ortalaması 31.7±10.4 (min, 14 ve maksimum; 53) idi. 52 MS hastasının 23'ünde (% 44.2) ve 45 sağlıklı kontrol grubunun 11'inde (%24.4) anti-T.gondii IgG pozitifliği vardı. MS hasta grubu ve kontrol grubu (p= 0.042) arasındaki pozitiflik oranları karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark vardı. Sonuç: Bu çalışma, MS ile kronik T. gondii enfeksiyonu arasındaki ilişkiyi göstermektedir. Bu çalışmaya göre T.gondii enfeksiyonu, MS için çeşitli çevresel risk faktörlerinden biri olabilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Multipl skleroz, Toxoplasma Gondii, kronik enfeksiyon, otoimmünite Eur J Gen Med 2016; 13(1): 58-63 Toxoplasma Gondii exposure...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Toxoplasma Gondii Exposure with Multiple Sclerosis

et al. 2016

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“…Additionally, most of the infectious agents that are putatively associated with MS are ubiquitous and infect most humans at some point in their lives [111]. With regards to the infectious agents discussed above, it was found that, in one study, >50% of the MS patients showed serological evidence of prior infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Pathogens in Multiple Sclerosis

Libbey

Cusick

Fujinami

2013

International Reviews of Immunology

117

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Although the etiology of MS is unknown, genetic and environmental factors play a role. Infectious pathogens are the likely environmental factors involved in the development of MS. Pathogens associated with the development or exacerbation of MS include bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae, the Staphylococcus aureus-produced enterotoxins that function as superantigens, viruses of the herpes virus (Epstein-Barr virus and human herpesvirus 6) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) families and the protozoa Acanthamoeba castellanii. Evidence, from studies with humans and animal models, supporting the association of these various pathogens with the development and/or exacerbation of MS will be discussed along with the potential mechanisms including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading and bystander activation. In contrast, infection with certain parasites such as helminthes (Schistosoma mansoni, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis nana, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercolaris, Enterobius vermicularis) appears to protect against the development or exacerbation of MS. Evidence supporting the ability of parasitic infections to protect against disease will be discussed along with a brief summary of a recent Phase I clinical trial testing the ability of Trichuris suis ova treatment to improve the clinical course of MS. A complex interaction between the CNS (including the blood-brain barrier), multiple infections with various infectious agents (occurring in the periphery or within the CNS), and the immune response to those various infections may have to be deciphered before the etiology of MS can be fully understood.

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“…The extent of interplay between these different factors is under rigorous investigation. The heterogeneity of the disease might also suggest that MS is not caused or triggered by only one virus, but rather a more complex set of viral infections could act as triggers in genetically susceptible individuals [3]. Some of the questions that need to be explored include the extent of the interplay between MS risk genes, vitamin D levels, UV-light exposure, tobacco smoking and viruses- are there risk factors that when present can amplify the risk of MS or are all these risk factors independent?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis

Virtanen¹,

Jacobson²

2012

CNSNDDT

139

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease that develops as an interplay between the immune system and environmental stimuli in genetically susceptible individuals. There is increasing evidence that viruses may play a role in MS pathogenesis acting as these environmental triggers. However, it is not known if any single virus is causal, or rather several viruses can act as triggers in disease development. Here, we review the association of different viruses to MS with an emphasis on two herpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). These two agents have generated the most impact during recent years as possible co-factors in MS disease development. The strongest argument for association of EBV with MS comes from the link between symptomatic infectious mononucleosis and MS and from seroepidemiological studies. In contrast to EBV, HHV-6 has been found significantly more often in MS plaques than in MS normal appearing white matter or non-MS brains and HHV-6 re-activation has been reported during MS clinical relapses. In this review we also suggest new strategies, including the development of new infectious animal models of MS and antiviral MS clinical trials, to elucidate roles of different viruses in the pathogenesis of this disease. Furthermore, we introduce the idea of using unbiased sequence-independent pathogen discovery methodologies, such as next generation sequencing, to study MS brain tissue or body fluids for detection of known viral sequences or potential novel viral agents.

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Multiple Sclerosis: Are Protective Immune Mechanisms Compromised by a Complex Infectious Background?

Cited by 12 publications

References 89 publications

Relationship of Toxoplasma Gondii Exposure with Multiple Sclerosis

Relationship of Toxoplasma Gondii Exposure with Multiple Sclerosis

Role of Pathogens in Multiple Sclerosis

Viruses and Multiple Sclerosis

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