Multiple spinal curvatures in a captive African dwarf crocodile <i>Osteolaemus tetraspis</i> (Cope, 1861)

Abstract

A 4 year old African dwarf crocodile that had been domiciled at the Zoological Gardens, University of Ibadan for 2 years was presented with a history of anorexia of two weeks' duration and reluctance to move for about a week prior to presentation. Physical examination revealed body curvatures and radiography was requested. Dorsoventral, ventrodorsal and left lateral views were done and these revealed multiple curvatures of the cervical, thoracic and caudal vertebrae. There appeared to be a generalized reduction in bone density although there were no visible fractures. There was a lateral compression of the right lung and a downward displacement of the cardiac silhouette. There were also several mineral opacities within the stomach which are suspected to be stones. Metabolic Bone Disease is a non-infectious disease common to reptiles in captivity. It is a consequence of improper diet and husbandry. A diet of flesh without bone or calcium supplements can cause an imbalance leading to the signs and symptoms seen. This can also be worsened by lack of, or insufficient, Vitamin D. It has severe effects in young animals as they require a higher nutritional plane to meet growth requirements. It is essential that reptiles in captivity receive calcium supplementation to maintain calcium: phosphorus balance and adequate exposure to sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light to encourage the synthesis of Vitamin D in the skin. These will prevent the production of parathyroid hormone which causes bone resorption and leads to swollen misshapen bones, fractures, twisting of the spine and kidney damage.