Multiple Vaccines and Strategies for Pandemic Preparedness of Avian Influenza Virus

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are a continuous cause of concern due to their pandemic potential and devasting effects on poultry, birds, and human health. The low pathogenic avian influenza virus has the potential to evolve into a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, resulting in its rapid spread and significant outbreaks in poultry. Over the years, a wide array of traditional and novel strategies has been implemented to prevent the transmission of AIV in poultry. Mass vaccination is still an economical and effective approach to establish immune protection against clinical virus infection. At present, some AIV vaccines have been licensed for large-scale production and use in the poultry industry; however, other new types of AIV vaccines are currently under research and development. In this review, we assess the recent progress surrounding the various types of AIV vaccines, which are based on the classical and next-generation platforms. Additionally, the delivery systems for nucleic acid vaccines are discussed, since these vaccines have attracted significant attention following their significant role in the fight against COVID-19. We also provide a general introduction to the dendritic targeting strategy, which can be used to enhance the immune efficiency of AIV vaccines. This review may be beneficial for the avian influenza research community, providing ideas for the design and development of new AIV vaccines.

Insights from Avian Influenza: A Review of Its Multifaceted Nature and Future Pandemic Preparedness

“…Live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) are derived from live influenza viruses that have been modified to be less virulent [ 62 ]. LAIV can simulate the natural infection process, leading to the production of both IgA and IgG antibodies without leading to severe adverse reactions [ 67 ]. LAIVs for humans against avian influenza are available in certain regions, including the US, Canada, and Europe [ 67 ].…”

“…Inactivated influenza vaccines are formulated using inactivated influenza viruses that are grown in eggs or cell cultures [ 68 , 69 ]. Egg-based, inactivated veterinary influenza vaccines are the most commonly used type of avian influenza vaccine in China’s poultry industry [ 67 ].…”

“…LAIV can simulate the natural infection process, leading to the production of both IgA and IgG antibodies without leading to severe adverse reactions [67]. LAIVs for humans against avian influenza are available in certain regions, including the US, Canada, and Europe [67].…”

Revisited and innovative perspectives of oral ulcer: from biological specificity to local treatment

“…Researchers have patented the use of bacteria as carriers to efficiently internalize drug carriers into host cells through interactions with β1 chain integrin cell receptors. This bioinvasive drug delivery system shows promise for targeted drug administration ( Xu et al, 2023 ). With advances in biotechnology, the development of a unique drug delivery system that modulates microbial cytokines and enables cytosolic entry into cells through bacterial adhesion factors holds potential.…”