Multiple Variations of Extensor Muscles of Forearm in Relation to the Radial Nerve: a Case Report and Review

Prakash, .; Rai, Rajalakshmi; Ranade, Anu Vinod; Prabhu, Latha V.; Pai, Mángala M.; Gajendra, Singh

doi:10.4067/s0717-95022008000200034

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, these anomalies were more significant in VPA than GBP. In humans and animals, the teratogenic effects of GBP such as delayed ossifications and skeletal deformations are inconsistent and inconclusive due to the environmental and molecular mechanisms, GBP doses, route and time of administration, animal species and sex type [64][65][66]. Importantly, the fetal skeletal system is more sensitive to GBP during organogenesis in different animal models such as rats [67], mice [68,69] and chick [70].…”

Section: Rapid Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiepileptic Drugs and Developmental Neuroendocrine Dysfunction: Every Why has A Wherefore

Rg¹

2017

Arch Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rapid CommunicationNormal thyroid functions are required during the perinatal development . During the last years, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as sodium valproate (VPA) [40][41][42], phenobarbital(PB) [40], carbamazepine (CBZ) [43], phenytoin (PHT) [40] and lamotrigine (LTG) [41,44] . This may be due to CBZ blocked the voltage-dependent sodium channels [60], and decreased the density [61,62] and permeability of these channels during the early developmental period [63]. These disturbances might be attributed to the imbalance in the maternofetal THs-axis (hypothyroidism) as suggested by Ahmed et al. [29]. This might influence, generally, on the health of the fetuses depending on the degree of the maternofetal hypothyroidism and fetal THbrain dysfunctions.On the other hand, the skeletal anomalies were found in fetuses of rats after the maternal exposure to GBP or VPA (Singh et al., 2014). However, these anomalies were more significant in VPA than GBP. In humans and animals, the teratogenic effects of GBP such as delayed ossifications and skeletal deformations are inconsistent and inconclusive due to the environmental and molecular mechanisms, GBP doses, route and time of administration, animal species and sex type [64][65][66]. Importantly, the fetal skeletal system is more sensitive to GBP during organogenesis in different animal models such as rats [67], mice [68,69] and chick [70]. GBP or VPA can cross the placenta and accumulate in several fetal organs delaying the osteogenesis and chondrogenesis [71][72][73][74][75][76][77]. These variations might be attributed to GBP or VPA can alter the maternofetal mineral and trace elements [78]. In rats, the maternal exposure to 400 mg VPA significantly reduced the level of zinc (Zn, critical for the organogenesis) in both dams and their embryo's [79]. The deficiency in Zn [67,79] and fluctuation in the concentration of GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) neurotransmitter [66]might be caused skeletal teratogenicity. Thus, Zn may play an important role in the calcification and bone mineralization during the organogenesis [68,69,80]. However, extrapolation of animal investigations to clinics should be importantly scrutinized.On the basis of these data, it can be concluded that the administration of AEDs may cause dysfunctions in the communication between dams and their fetuses, and in the developmental thyroid-brain axis. These effects might depend on the concentration and period of administration of AEDs, and sex type and developmental period of animal species. Additional studies are necessary to clarify the potential associations with human health. Future examinations are needed to explore whether the effect of maternal AEDs on the developmental neuroendocrine system (THs-brain axis) and the cytokines markers play a role in modifying the signaling pathways related to the cellular proliferation and cell death during the perinatal period. Conflict of InterestThe author declares that no competing financial interests exist. Rapid Communication iMedPub Journals

show abstract

Section: Rapid Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiepileptic Drugs and Developmental Neuroendocrine Dysfunction: Every Why has A Wherefore

Rg¹

2017

Arch Med

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…muscle bellies and tendons can lead to error in both diagnosis and treatment. The accessory head, 6 additional belly, 7 aberrant muscle slips 8 and two tendons of extensor carpi radialis longus muscle 9 have been reported in the literature. Kosuri Kalyan chakravarthi et al reported an additional extensor carpi radialis longus with a thick flat long tendon and pierced by the radial nerve in a middle -aged male cadaver.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unilateral accessory muscles of forearm-and its clinical implications

Chakravarthi¹

2017

Asian J Med Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An accessory or aberrant musculature may stimulate a ganglion or a soft tissue tumour or if in close proximity to a nerve, it may cause pressure neuritis. Identification of these variations is important in defining the anatomical features for clinical diagnosis and surgical procedures. During routine cadaveric dissection of the forearm in the department of anatomy, we observed an accessory muscle in the flexor compartment and additional extensor carpi radialis longus muscle in the extensor compartment of the forearm in left upper limb of a middle aged female cadaver. The accessory muscle belly has taken its tendinous origin from the medial surface of the ulna deep to the flexor digitorum superficialis and crossed the median nerve from medial to lateral, when traced below in the carpal tunnel it merged with the tendon of the index finger of flexor digitorum superficialis. An additional extensor carpi radialis longus muscle with unusual course of radial nerve in the extensor compartment of the forearm was found on the medial side of brachioradialis and superficial to extensor carpi radialis longus and its tendon ended by getting inserted into the base of the dorsal surface of the second metacarpal bone. Although many anatomical variations of flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor carpi radialis longus muscle were reported in the past, we describe a rare case, first of its kind, which to our knowledge has not been mentioned in the literature till date. Such variations are clinically significant in the anatomical, surgical and radiological procedures. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(2) 2017 94-96

show abstract

“…These supernumerary muscle bellies of the forearm, especially with unusual insertion can produce a debilitating pain syndrome, secondary to a tendon-muscle shear phenomenon [14] and might misguide the surgeon during surgery and during diagnosis [6,12] and may be useful for reconstruction of hand function in tetraplegic patients [10,16].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

An unusual case of unilateral supernumerary extensor carpi radialis muscle

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An uncommon anatomical variant of muscle that can be considered as a supernumerary extensor carpi radialis muscle was found during the dissection of the forearm region. The identified extensor carpi radialis muscle has origin on the lateral supraepicondylar ridge of the humerus, and an unusual insertion on the tubercle of the scaphoid bone. The presence of this supernumerary muscle may cause diagnostic errors in the forearm region, and can produce a debilitating pain syndrome by secondary compression of adjacent nerves, vessels or tendons due to its course along the anterior compartment of the forearm. (Folia Morphol 2019; 78; 4: 888-892)

show abstract

Multiple Variations of Extensor Muscles of Forearm in Relation to the Radial Nerve: a Case Report and Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 8 publications

Antiepileptic Drugs and Developmental Neuroendocrine Dysfunction: Every Why has A Wherefore

Antiepileptic Drugs and Developmental Neuroendocrine Dysfunction: Every Why has A Wherefore

Unilateral accessory muscles of forearm-and its clinical implications

An unusual case of unilateral supernumerary extensor carpi radialis muscle

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About