Multiplexed Passive Optical Fiber Sensor Networks for Water Level Monitoring: A Review

Lee, Hoon-Keun; Choo, Jaeyul; Kim, J.

doi:10.3390/s20236813

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Table 1 shows the OCC reference implementations with notable results, using smartphones, but also DSLR cameras, highlighting the problems or limitations they faced. The most relevant systems tested in the OCC direction based on OCC used combined modulation schemes and ON/OFF coding in the form of phase shift subsampling (UPSOOK), and the processing used multiplexing with a division into wavelengths (WDM) [48,49]. These aspects have reached quite decent distances near the communication area of 1.5-2 m, but the transfer rate is between 378 bps and 480 bps [50].…”

Section: The Contribution Of Optical Camera Communications In the Processes Of Information Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety

Zadobrischi

2022

Sensors

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Current developments and the need for high-performance devices that provide safe and reliable communications present a future perspective by using visible light as an alternative solution that can substantially improve road and pedestrian safety. The daily use of smartphones is imperative; thus one can build on this premise a system dedicated to the aforementioned problem. However, the problem of the visible light communication channel (VLC) is highly dynamic and becomes extremely unpredictable in terms of exposure to noise sources. Developing applications dedicated to direct communications with infrastructure and vehicles using portable devices is becoming a challenge and at the same time a necessary solution. The article proposes the shaping of an emission–reception architecture dedicated to adaptive fuse light communications using OCC (optical camera communication) but also standard VLC communications using ambient light sensors via an Android application. This approach aims to provide a first step in shaping information-sharing applications using VLC communications. As far as we know, this approach has not been implemented in external VLC systems. The performance of the architecture and the application was demonstrated by practical tests that confirmed the capacity of the technology even if we are in the first stage.

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Section: The Contribution Of Optical Camera Communications In the Processes Of Information Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety

Zadobrischi

2022

Sensors

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“…[6,7]. Moreover, various multiplexing techniques make it possible to enhance the system performance (e.g., sensing distance and spatial resolutions) as compared to traditional electrical sensors [8][9][10]. Among those distance and spatial resolutions) as compared to traditional electrical sensors [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive IoT Optical Fiber Sensor Network for Water Level Monitoring with Signal Processing of Feature Extraction

et al. 2023

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This paper presents a real-time remote water level monitoring system based on dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)-passive optical fiber sensor (OFS) network for the application of the Internet of Things (IoT). This network employs a broadband light source based on amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) as a seed light. This ASE light is spectrum-sliced by an athermal type arrayed waveguide grating (200 GHz × 16 channel), then distributed towards multiple sensing units (SU). Here, 16 SUs are installed vertically at the specified height in the water pool according to the design specification (i.e., spatial resolution). Then, each SU reflects an optical spectrum having a different reflection coefficient depending on the surrounding medium (e.g., air or water). By measuring these reflected optical spectra with an optical spectrum analyzer, the water level can be easily recognized in real time. However, as the sensing distance increases, system performance is severely degraded due to the Rayleigh Back-Scattering of the ASE light. As a result, the remote sensing capability is limited at a short distance (i.e., <10 km). To overcome this limitation, we propose a simple signal processing technique based on feature extraction of received optical spectra, which includes embedding a peak detection algorithm with a signal validation check. For the specific, the proposed signal processing performs the peak power detection, signal quality monitoring, and determination/display of the actual water level through three function modules, i.e., data save/load module, signal processing module, and Human–Machine Interface display module. In particular, the signal quality of the remote sensing network can be easily monitored through several factors, such as the number of spectral peaks, the wavelength spacing between neighboring peaks and the pattern of detected peak power. Moreover, by using this validation check algorithm, it is also possible to diagnose various error types (such as peak detection error, loss of data and so on) according to the pattern of measured optical spectra. As a result, the IoT sensor network can recognize 17 different level statuses for the water level measurement from a distance of about 25 km away without active devices such as optical amplifiers (i.e., passive remote sensing).

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“…There are a number of review articles on application of OFSs [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ], and some of them are closely related to OFSs used in ocean detection [ 1 , 15 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. However, few of them are specific to TSP sensing and measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Optical Fiber Sensors for Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure Sensing and Measurement in Seawater

Liang

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Temperature, salinity, and pressure (TSP) are essential parameters for the ocean. Optical fiber sensors (OFSs) have rapidly come into focus as an ocean detection technology in recent years due to their advantages of electromagnetic interference, light weight, low cost, and no waterproof requirement. In this paper, the most recently developed TSP sensors for single parameter and multi-parameter TSP sensing and measurement based on different OFSs are reviewed. In addition, from the practical point of view, encapsulation methods that protect fibers and maintain the normal operation of OFSs in seawater, and the response time of the OFS, are addressed. Finally, we discuss the prospects and challenges of OFSs used in marine environments and provide some clues for future work.

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Multiplexed Passive Optical Fiber Sensor Networks for Water Level Monitoring: A Review

Cited by 13 publications

References 58 publications

Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety

Analysis and Experiment of Wireless Optical Communications in Applications Dedicated to Mobile Devices with Applicability in the Field of Road and Pedestrian Safety

Passive IoT Optical Fiber Sensor Network for Water Level Monitoring with Signal Processing of Feature Extraction

Review of Optical Fiber Sensors for Temperature, Salinity, and Pressure Sensing and Measurement in Seawater

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