Multipotential Toxic Metals Accumulated in Urban Soil and Street Dust from Xining City, NW China: Spatial Occurrences, Sources, and Health Risks

Environmental and human health risks associated with exposure to hazardous elements present in urban dust from Barranquilla, Colombian Caribbean

“…The average concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were lower in Barranquilla than in other Colombian cities (Trujillo & Torres, 2015;Romero et al, 2015). The levels of V, Mn, and Cd reported here were greater than those found in some highly industrialized cities (Table 2) (Cortés et al, 2017;Du et al, 2013;Han et al, 2020;Howard et al, 2019;Lin et al, 2017;Škrbić et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2019). Interestingly, the opposite was found for Pb (Cortés et al, 2017;Du et al, 2013;Škrbić et al, 2018;Zhang et al, 2019), suggesting that in the city the sources of this metal are minimal or that Pb has migrated into the soil.…”

“…In this study, the average concentration of 16 elements exceeded the background value; in addition, the PTEs showed heterogeneity between the sampling points, indicating that the origin of the elements is F I G U R E 3 Spatial distribution of the ecological risk index (E r ) of harmful PTEs in the urban area of Barranquilla. Categories: low, E r < 40; moderate, 40 ≤ E r < 80; considerable, 80 ≤ E r < 160; high, 160 ≤ E r < 320; very high, E r > 320 possibly due to anthropogenic sources (Karim et al, 2014;Zhang et al, 2019). The average concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were lower in Barranquilla than in other Colombian cities (Trujillo & Torres, 2015;Romero et al, 2015).…”

“…Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine associations between the elements and potential sources of contamination. Nickel, Cu, Mo, Sn, Sb, Pb, and Bi are considered representative of vehicular and industrial emissions (Du et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2019). These elements presented coincident distribution in the Riomar, North ‐ Historical Centre, and Southeast locations, where different industries are located and there is high vehicle density (Figures 1 and 2).…”

“…In this study, Zn and Mn showed hot spots in Riomar and Southwest (high vehicle traffic), and the industrial areas in Barranquilla showed high concentrations of Cr, Zn, Ag, and Hg. Industries are the main sources of Cr (Zhang et al., 2019), mostly those related to metal smelting, coal and oil combustion, cement manufacturing, chrome plating, leather tanning, paint manufacturing, wood treatment, and catalyst manufacturing (ATSDR, 2008). Based on the obtained results, the origin of Hg in most samples is natural; however, another source has been reported to be coal combustion in power plants (Raj & Maiti, 2020).…”

“…Cities constitute the largest urban areas, but economic and industrial development cause environmental degradation Inorganic and organic pollutants can be associated with soil and particulate matter in urban dust (Han et al, 2020;Yadav et al, 2018). This material acts as a reservoir and dispersion medium for contaminants; therefore, it is recognized as an indicator of environmental quality (Zhang et al, 2019). Urban dust particles transport different pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Yadav et al, 2018), pesticides (Richards et al, 2016), microplastics (Liu et al, 2019), organophosphate esters (Chen et al, 2019), and phthalate esters (He et al, 2018); however, major interest has focused on potentially toxic elements (PTEs) (Khademi et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2019).…”