Multipurpose Instantaneous Microarray Detection of Acute Encephalitis Causing Viruses and Their Expression Profiles

Abstract

Detection of multiple viruses is important for global analysis of gene or protein content and expression, opening up new prospects in terms of molecular and physiological systems for pathogenic diagnosis. Early diagnosis is crucial for disease treatment and control as it reduces inappropriate use of antiviral therapy and focuses surveillance activity. This requires the ability to detect and accurately diagnose infection at or close to the source/outbreak with minimum delay and the need for specific, accessible point-of-care diagnosis able to distinguish causative viruses and their subtypes. None of the available viral diagnostic assays combine a point-of-care format with the complex capability to identify a large range of human and animal viruses. Microarray detection provides a useful, labor-saving tool for detection of multiple viruses with several advantages, such as convenience and prevention of cross-contamination of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, which is of foremost importance in such applications. Recently, real-time PCR assays with the ability to confirm the amplification product and quantitate the target concentration have been developed. Furthermore, nucleotide sequence analysis of amplification products has facilitated epidemiological studies of infectious disease outbreaks and monitoring of treatment outcomes for infections, in particular for viruses that mutate at high frequency. This review discusses applications of microarray technology as a potential new tool for detection and identification of acute encephalitis-causing viruses in human serum, plasma, and cell cultures.

Evaluation of a Viral Microarray Based on Simultaneous Extraction and Amplification of Viral Nucleotide Acid for Detecting Human Herpesviruses and Enteroviruses

“…Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further disease deterioration. However the clinical manifestations of CNS infections from different pathogens are non-specific and clinically indistinguishable, which makes the early diagnosis difficult, it is essential to develop a rapid and comprehensive virology testing technique to diagnose CNS infection and improves the therapeutic management [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Current Potential Therapeutic Approaches against SARS-CoV-2: A Review

“…SARS-CoV-2 infection is a highly communicable disease, and this pandemic has been designated a world public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) [ 7 ]. However, SARS-CoV-2 has many potential natural, intermediate, and final hosts, as do other viruses; thus, major problems in the prevention and diagnosis of viral infection are raised [ 8 ]. In this paper we discuss the genetic structure of SARS-CoV-2 and its mechanism of pathogenesis.…”

Homogenous measurement during a circulation-water-based ultrahigh-speed polymerase chain reaction and melting curve analysis device

“…The amplifying principle is thermal cycling, involving cycles of repeated heating and cooling of the reaction for DNA denaturing and enzymatic replication. PCR is applied to cutting-edge technologies such as DNA array, 1) next-generation sequence (NGS), [2][3][4] and developing transgenic organisms. 5) Furthermore, PCR is widely used for practical applications such as medical diagnosis of influenza, 6) bacteriological testing, 7,8) and countermeasures against bioterrorism.…”