Multiresidue method for the detection of tranquillisers, xylazine, and a β-blocker in animal production by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

Tranquillisers are often used in animal production, especially in pigs to calm them before transport to the slaughterhouse. The use of certain substances (derived from phenothiazine) is totally prohibited, whilst other compounds (butyrophenone and beta-blockers) are regulated through the establishment of MRLs. A physico-chemical detection method based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is described. Validation was carried out according to the criteria laid down in Directive 2002/657/EC. The method was also used to detect and quantify these substances in treated animals.

Simultaneous detection of residues of β-adrenergic receptor blockers and sedatives in animal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

“…Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with or without derivatization before injection has also been used to detect tranquillizers (carazolol, azaperone, azaperol, haloperidol, xylazine, phenothiazines) in urine and meat [14,15]. Assays based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have been frequently used to detect these drugs in animal-based foods in recent years [15][16][17][18][19]. One or two drugs (e.g., azaperone, carazolol) are usually involved in these methods [16,17].…”

An automated on-line method for simultaneous analysis of phenothiazines in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography/sonic spray ionization mass spectrometry using backflush column switching

“…They are analyzed by various methods, such as gas chromatography (GC) [1,2], GC/mass spectrometry (MS) [3], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [4,5], and HPLC/MS (-MS) [6][7][8][9]. In the existing analytical methods for the drugs, the sample pretreatments such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid-phase extraction, fi ltration, or centrifugation are usually required to remove proteins and other impurities contained in biological matrices [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. The analytical methods including time-consuming multistep sample pretreatments are unsuitable in the fi eld of emergency medicine, which demands rapid detection of poisonous materials in human specimens.…”

Rapid method for the determination of tranquilizers and a beta-blocker in porcine and bovine kidney by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

“…The extraction from kidney was performed as reported by Delahaut et al with some modifications [14]. The homogenised sample (2.5 g) was fortified with internal standards at the level corresponding to 20 g kg −1 by adding 50 L portion of 1 g mL −1 working internal standard solution of chlorpromazine-d 6 and carazolol-d 6 .…”

“…The modifications of the extraction procedure described by Delahaut et al [14] involve reducing of sample weight and an additional extract purification with the microporous centrifugal device, which make kidney extracts clearer and reduce occurrence matrix effect. Apart from optimatization of sample amount (1, 2.5 and 5.0 g), volume of extraction solvent (10, 15, 20, 50 mL) and extraction time (10, 15, 20 min) were evaluated.…”

“…They include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) [5], thin layer chromatography (TLC) [6,7], liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with ultraviolet [7,8], fluorescence [8,9] and electrochemical detection [10]. Several methods using liquid and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (MS) have been also published [11][12][13][14].…”