Multivariate Analysis of Confined Groundwater Hydrochemistry of a Long-Exploited Sedimentary Basin in Northwest China

Zhang, Xuedi; Qian, Hui; Wu, Hao; Chen, Jie; Liu, Qiao

doi:10.1155/2016/3812125

Cited by 20 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Cluster analysis, factor analysis (FA), and principal components analysis (PCA) have been successfully used in characterizing geochemical data and the hydrochemical evolution of the groundwater [9,[12][13][14][15][16]. Among these, cluster analysis is effective in charactering the geochemical properties of the groundwater [17] and PCA method is commonly used in identifying the hydrochemical processes [18,19]. Factor analysis (FA) can be used to identify the major factors that controlled the geochemical process [20,21].…”

Section: I I I I I Ia Ia Ia I I I I I I I Ia Ia I I I Ia I I I I Iamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Hot Springs in Eastern Tibetan Plateau Geothermal Belt, Western China: Insight from Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Shi

Wang

et al. 2017

Geofluids

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The eastern Tibetan Plateau geothermal belt is one of the important medium-high temperature geothermal belts in China. However, less work has been done on the hydrochemical characteristic and its geological origin. Understanding the chemical characteristics and the hydrochemical evolution processes is important in evaluating the geothermal energy potential in this area. In the present study, we discussed the hydrochemical properties and their origins of 39 hot springs located in the eastern Tibetan Plateau geothermal belt (Kangding-Litang-Batang geothermal belt). Cluster analysis and factor analysis are employed to character the hydrochemical properties of hot springs in different fault zones and the possible hydrochemical evolution processes of these hot springs. Our study shows that the hot springs can be divided into three groups based on their locations. The hot springs in the first group mainly originate from the volcanic rock and the springs in the second group originate from the metamorphic rock while the springs in the third group originate from the result of mixture of shallow water. Water-rock interaction, cation exchange, and the water environment are the three dominant factors that control the hydrochemical evolution process in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. These results are also in well agreement with the isotopic and chemical analysis.

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Section: I I I I I Ia Ia Ia I I I I I I I Ia Ia I I I Ia I I I I Iamentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Hot Springs in Eastern Tibetan Plateau Geothermal Belt, Western China: Insight from Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Shi

Wang

et al. 2017

Geofluids

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“…Confined groundwater is an important high-quality water resource for domestic and industrial purposes (Zhang et al, 2016), but its over-use causes serious problems. Globally, changes in the hydrochemical composition of groundwater threatens resources in many regions, especially in economically developed delta areas (Gan et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and hydrochemical evolution of confined groundwater in Shanghai, China

Zhan

Wang

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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Confined groundwater is an indispensable resource for the urban security of Shanghai, China, where multi-layer aquifer structures and human activities create a complex groundwater environment. An understanding of the hydrochemical characteristics and evolutionary mechanisms of groundwater is necessary for its protection and effective utilization and will be explored in this study. A total of 87 groundwater samples were collected from five confined aquifers. Hydrochemistry analysis methods such as Durov diagram, Gibbs model and Saturation index were used to determine the origin and hydrochemical evolution of the confined groundwater. The results show that the samples have two different origins, marine–continental and continental, which have different hydrochemical characteristics. Cl− content of 7.5 meq L−1 was used as a demarcation index for the two origins. The groundwater with a marine–continental-origin is dominated by ancient seawater from which Na+ and Cl− are derived, whereas Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− are derived mainly from carbonate dissolution. Groundwater with a continental-origin is dominated by the effects of water–rock interaction, where major ions are derived mainly from silicate weathering and carbonate dissolution. In both types of groundwater, SO42− is mainly derived from insoluble sulfides that are present in low quantities, whereas SO42− in the few samples with high insoluble sulfide content is derived from human activities. Cation exchange is another controlling factor regarding the hydrochemical composition of groundwater, and water from the two origins have different reaction modes as follows: reverse cation exchange is dominant in marine–continental groundwater, whereas positive cation exchange is more common in continental groundwater. Over the past century, saline water has been flowing into the groundwater funnel region due to human activities, which has resulted in changes in the hydrochemical composition. The recent influx of fresh groundwater and artificial recharge has caused groundwater salinization and mineral re-dissolution.

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“…Water, as a major component of cells and a participant in life activities, is simple but crucial for all living things. Although water science research has been performed for thousands of years, our understanding of the science underlying its behavior and function needs to be strengthened [ 1 ]. Water exists in the form of bulk water and confined water [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-/Micro-confined Water in Graphene Hydrogel as Superadsorbents for Water Purification

Sun

Liu

et al. 2019

Nano-Micro Lett.

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HIGHLIGHTS • Confined space/water in graphene hydrogel was constructed and controlled. • Adsorption capacity of porous adsorbents was enhanced by filling confined water. • Incomplete hydrogen bonding in confined water contributes to adsorption. ABSTRACT Confined water has been proven to be of great importance due to its pervasiveness and contribution to life and many fields of scientific research. However, the control and characterization of confined water are a challenge. Herein, a confined space is constructed by flexibly changing the pH of a graphene oxide dispersion under the self-assembly process of a graphene hydrogel (GH), and the confined space is adjusted with variation from 10.04 to 3.52 nm. Confined water content in GH increases when the pore diameter of the confined space decreases; the corresponding adsorption capacity increases from 243.04 to 442.91 mg g −1. Moreover, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy are utilized to analyze the hydrogen bonding structure qualitatively and quantitatively, and correlation analysis reveals that the improvement in the adsorption capacity is caused by incomplete hydrogen bonding in the confined water. Further, confined water is assembled into four typical porous commercial adsorbents, and a remarkable enhancement of the adsorption capacity is achieved. This research demonstrates the application potential for the extraordinary properties of confined water and has implications for the development of highly effective confined water-modified adsorbents.

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Multivariate Analysis of Confined Groundwater Hydrochemistry of a Long-Exploited Sedimentary Basin in Northwest China

Cited by 20 publications

References 34 publications

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Hot Springs in Eastern Tibetan Plateau Geothermal Belt, Western China: Insight from Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Hot Springs in Eastern Tibetan Plateau Geothermal Belt, Western China: Insight from Multivariate Statistical Analysis

Origin and hydrochemical evolution of confined groundwater in Shanghai, China

Nano-/Micro-confined Water in Graphene Hydrogel as Superadsorbents for Water Purification

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