Municipal Solid Waste Characterization and Landfill Gas Generation in Kakia Landfill, Makkah

Abstract

In many countries, open dumping is considered the simplest, cheapest, and most cost-effective way of managing solid wastes. Thus, in underdeveloped economies, Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are openly dumped. Improper waste disposal causes air, water, and soil pollution, impairing soil permeability and blockage of the drainage system. Solid Waste Management (SWM) can be enhanced by operating a well-engineered site with the capacity to reduce, reuse, and recover MSW. Makkah city is one of the holiest cities in the world. It harbors a dozen of holy places. Millions of people across the globe visit the place every year to perform Hajj, Umrah, and tourism. In the present study, MSW characterization and energy recovery from MSW of Makkah was determined. The average composition of solid waste in Makkah city is organic matter (48%), plastics (25%), paper and cardboard (20%), metals (4%), glass (2%), textiles (1%), and wood (1%). In order to evaluate energy recovery potential from solid waste in Kakia open dumpsite landfill, the Gas Generation Model (LandGEM) was used. According to LandGEM results, landfill gas (methane and carbon dioxide) generation potential and capacity were determined. Kakia open dump has a methane potential of 83.52 m3 per ton of waste.

Current scenario of solid waste management techniques and challenges in Covid-19 – A review

“…The landfill causes a direct impact on water pollution (ground water by landfill leachates), air pollution (odour, dust, fire, expansion of toxic gases methane and carbon dioxide—trapping heat in the atmosphere), soil pollution (damage to vegetation) and natural environment ( Vaverková, 2019 ). Importantly, 83.52 m 3 of methane have been produced from a ton of waste in kakia open dump and in one year, 1–40 m 3 /ton of CH 4 can be produced by 200–300 m 3 /ton of fresh MSW ( Osra et al., 2021 ). The negative context can be turned through positive technologies like energy conversion methods, producing an electrical current, biogas ( Mishra et al., 2021 ), etc., For example, Gaibor L., have reported the production of gas and electrical power from the sanitary landfill viz., 95.04 m 3 /min of biogas have been obtained and their net electric power is about 12134.71 in the year of 2012.…”

Estimation of Methane Production and Electrical Energy Generation from Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Sites in Pakistan

“…The common environmental impacts of dumpsites/unmanaged landfill sites are formation of landfill gas (CH 4 and CO 2 ), leachate, dust and particulate matter, odors, and fire hazards [12]. Dumpsites have adverse impacts on soil, surface water bodies, and underground water [13]. In most cases in lower income and developing countries, solid waste is being dumped along or in the rivers or sea, causing serious impacts on aquatic and coastal life [14].…”

A novel MADM algorithm for landfill site selection based on q-rung orthopair probabilistic hesitant fuzzy power Muirhead mean operator

“…Landfills inevitably cause pollution to the surrounding environment, mainly including air pollution, soil pollution and water pollution [ 45 ]. Air pollution mainly comes from waste gas, dust and inhalable particles released from garbage disposal process, which in turn leads to acid rain and smog.…”