Muramic Acid Is Not Generally Present in the Human Spleen as Determined by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Kozar, Michael P.; Laman, Jon D.; Fox, Alvin

doi:10.1128/iai.70.2.741-748.2002

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Therefore, the reextracted LPS was analyzed by acid hydrolysis to release muramic acid (derived from the peptidoglycan backbone), which is converted to alditol acetate, followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Kozar et al, 2002). This highly sensitive technique detected 627 ng of muramic acid per 1 mg of reextracted LPS.…”

Section: ) Thus These Authors Conclude That Lps Is a Potentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monomeric and Polymeric Gram-Negative Peptidoglycan but Not Purified LPS Stimulate the Drosophila IMD Pathway

et al. 2004

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Insects depend solely upon innate immune responses to survive infection. These responses include the activation of extracellular protease cascades, leading to melanization and clotting, and intracellular signal transduction pathways inducing antimicrobial peptide gene expression. In Drosophila, the IMD pathway is required for antimicrobial gene expression in response to gram-negative bacteria. The exact molecular component(s) from these bacteria that activate the IMD pathway remain controversial. We found that highly purified LPS did not stimulate the IMD pathway. However, lipid A, the active portion of LPS in mammals, activated melanization in the silkworm Bombyx morii. On the other hand, the IMD pathway was remarkably sensitive to polymeric and monomeric gram-negative peptidoglycan. Recognition of peptidoglycan required the stem-peptide sequence specific to gram-negative peptidoglycan and the receptor PGRP-LC. Recognition of monomeric and polymeric peptidoglycan required different PGRP-LC splice isoforms, while lipid A recognition required an unidentified soluble factor in the hemolymph of Bombyx morii.

show abstract

Section: ) Thus These Authors Conclude That Lps Is a Potentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monomeric and Polymeric Gram-Negative Peptidoglycan but Not Purified LPS Stimulate the Drosophila IMD Pathway

et al. 2004

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The presence or absence of muramyl peptides (MPs) in the organism of a healthy person was a long time of discussion. Methods of mass chromatography (MC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to determine MPs in human tissues and fluids in order to identify the relationship with chronic infectious foci [6][7][8].…”

Section: Sources Of Muramyl Peptides In the Human's Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, using monoclonal antibodies, it has been found that muramyl peptides are normally present in the blood serum of healthy people at a concentration of 0.330-0.838 μg/mL, where they enter through the intestinal mucosa during the breakdown of The presence or absence of muramyl peptides (MPs) in the organism of a healthy person was a long time of discussion. Methods of mass chromatography (MC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to determine MPs in human tissues and fluids in order to identify the relationship with chronic infectious foci [6][7][8].…”

Section: Sources Of Muramyl Peptides In the Human's Bodymentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of Immune Homeostasis via Muramyl Peptides-Low Molecular Weight Bioregulators of Bacterial Origin

Guryanova

2022

Microorganisms

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Metabolites and fragments of bacterial cells play an important role in the formation of immune homeostasis. Formed in the course of evolution, symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and a macroorganism are manifested, in particular, in the regulation of numerous physiological functions of the human body by the innate immunity receptors. Low molecular weight bioregulators of bacterial origin have recently attracted more and more attention as drugs in the prevention and composition of complex therapy for a wide range of diseases of bacterial and viral etiology. Signaling networks show cascades of causal relationships of deterministic phenomena that support the homeostasis of multicellular organisms at different levels. To create networks, data from numerous biomedical and clinical research databases were used to prepare expert systems for use in pharmacological and biomedical research with an emphasis on muramyl dipeptides. Muramyl peptides are the fragments of the cell wall of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Binding of muramyl peptides with intracellular NOD2 receptors is crucial for an immune response on pathogens. Depending on the microenvironment and duration of action, muramyl peptides possess positive or negative regulation of inflammation. Other factors, such as genetic, pollutions, method of application and stress also contribute and should be taken into account. A system biology approach should be used in order to systemize all experimental data for rigorous analysis, with the aim of understanding intrinsic pathways of homeostasis, in order to define precise medicine therapy and drug design.

show abstract

Quantitation of Markers for Gram‐Negative and Gram‐Positive Endotoxins in Work Environment and as Contaminants in Pharmaceutical Products Using Gas Chromatogaphy–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Fox

2010

Pharmaceutical Sciences Encyclopedia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin present only in gram‐negative bacterial outer membranes, while peptidoglycan (PG), which displays endotoxin‐like activity, is present in the cell wall of gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria. Substances are found in LPS and PG that are rarely found elsewhere in nature and serve as chemical markers. This article focuses on detection of the markers for LPS and PG using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS).

show abstract

Muramic Acid Is Not Generally Present in the Human Spleen as Determined by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 10 publications

References 41 publications

Monomeric and Polymeric Gram-Negative Peptidoglycan but Not Purified LPS Stimulate the Drosophila IMD Pathway

Monomeric and Polymeric Gram-Negative Peptidoglycan but Not Purified LPS Stimulate the Drosophila IMD Pathway

Regulation of Immune Homeostasis via Muramyl Peptides-Low Molecular Weight Bioregulators of Bacterial Origin

Quantitation of Markers for Gram‐Negative and Gram‐Positive Endotoxins in Work Environment and as Contaminants in Pharmaceutical Products Using Gas Chromatogaphy–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About