Mycotoxins Occurrence, Toxicity and Detection Methods

Gacem, Mohamed Amine; Hadj-Khelil, Aminata Ould El; Boudjemaa, Badreddine; Gacem, Hiba

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33281-5_1

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 292 publications

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“…A diverse chemical group composition led to several mycotoxin toxic effects, which include nephrotoxicity, genotoxicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, membrane damage, gastrointestinal toxicity, cardiotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, and sometimes a carcinogenic effect. Mycotoxins’ impact on human health depends on many factors, including concentration, method of exposure, and synergistic effect of specific toxins in humans [ 18 ]. In this sense, aflatoxins (AFs), Alternaria toxins, Ochratoxin A (OTA), and patulin (PAT) are the most common mycotoxins in fruits and fruit-processed foods (such as juices).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Combined Processes Involving Ultrasound and Pulsed Electric Fields on ENNs, and OTA Mitigation of an Orange Juice-Milk Based Beverage

Sebastià

Calleja-Gómez

Pallarés

et al. 2023

Foods

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In recent years, several innovative food processing technologies such as ultrasound (USN) and pulsed electric fields (PEF) have emerged in the market, showing a great potential both alone and in combination for the preservation of fresh and processed products. Recently, these technologies have also shown promising applications to reduce mycotoxin levels in food products. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the potential of the combined treatments USN + PEF and PEF + USN on the reduction of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Enniatins (ENNs) of an orange juice mixed with milk beverage. For this purpose, the beverages were elaborated in the laboratory and individually spiked with mycotoxins at a concentration of 100 µg/L. They were then treated by PEF (30 kV, 500 kJ/Kg) and USN (20 kHz, 100 W, at a maximum power for 30 min). Finally, mycotoxins were extracted using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS-IT) was employed to determine them. The results showed promising applications, with reductions up to 50% for OTA and up to 47% for Enniatin B (ENNB) after the PEF + USN treatment combination. Lower reduction rates, up to 37%, were obtained with the USN + PEF combination. In conclusion, the combination of USN and PEF technologies could be a useful tool to reduce mycotoxins in fruit juices mixed with milk.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Combined Processes Involving Ultrasound and Pulsed Electric Fields on ENNs, and OTA Mitigation of an Orange Juice-Milk Based Beverage

Sebastià

Calleja-Gómez

Pallarés

et al. 2023

Foods

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“…The impact of mycotoxins on human health depends on different factors such as the type of toxin, its metabolism, the pharmacokinetics, the exposure conditions, and the health status of the individual [2]. Long-term exposure to high doses can produce health problems such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Determination of Major Mycotoxins with Human Health Concerns in Urine by LC-Q TOF MS and Its Application to an Exposure Study

Pallarés

Carballo

Ferrer

et al. 2022

Toxins

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Human biomonitoring constitutes a suitable tool to assess exposure to toxins overcoming the disadvantages of traditional methods. Urine constitutes an accessible biological matrix in biomonitoring studies. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced naturally by filamentous fungi that produce a wide range of adverse health effects. Thus, the determination of urinary mycotoxin levels is a useful tool for assessing the individual exposure to these food contaminants. In this study, a suitable methodology has been developed to evaluate the presence of aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin (AFG2), ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB), zearalenone (ZEA), and α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) in urine samples as exposure biomarkers. For this purpose, different extraction procedures, namely, the Solid Phase Extraction (SPE); Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction (DLLME); and Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) methods were assessed, followed by Liquid Chromatography coupled to Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray Ionization (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS) determination. Then, the proposed methodology was applied to determine mycotoxin concentrations in 56 human urine samples from volunteers and to estimate the potential risk of exposure. The results obtained revealed that 55% of human urine samples analyzed resulted positive for at least one mycotoxin. Among all studied mycotoxins, only AFB2, AFG2, and OTB were detected with incidences of 32, 41, and 9%, respectively, and levels in the range from <LOQ to 69.42 µg/L. Risk assessment revealed a potential health risk, obtaining MoE values < 10,000. However, it should be highlighted that few samples were contaminated, and that more data about mycotoxin excretion rates and their BMDL10 values are needed for a more accurate risk assessment.

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Nano-biofungicides for the reduction of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed

Gacem,

Boudjemaa,

Terzi

et al. 2024

Nanohybrid Fungicides

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Mycotoxins Occurrence, Toxicity and Detection Methods

Cited by 6 publications

References 292 publications

Impact of Combined Processes Involving Ultrasound and Pulsed Electric Fields on ENNs, and OTA Mitigation of an Orange Juice-Milk Based Beverage

Impact of Combined Processes Involving Ultrasound and Pulsed Electric Fields on ENNs, and OTA Mitigation of an Orange Juice-Milk Based Beverage

High-Throughput Determination of Major Mycotoxins with Human Health Concerns in Urine by LC-Q TOF MS and Its Application to an Exposure Study

Nano-biofungicides for the reduction of mycotoxin contamination in food and feed

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