N-methyl-N-alkylpyrrolidinium tetrafluoroborate salts: ionic solvents and solid electrolytes

Piperidinium, Piperazinium and Morpholinium Ionic Liquid Crystals

“…This is not unusual as crystal polymorphism and the existence of conductive plastic crystal phases (rotationally disordered phases) of pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids have been reported by several authors in the past. [35][36][37][38][39] For the piperidinium compounds containing one alkyl chain, the bromide salts with short alkyl chains (n ) 8-12; 1a-3a, respectively) were not liquid-crystalline. On heating the compounds, a plastic crystalline phase was observed, which transformed into an isotropic liquid upon further heating.…”

Phase Behavior of the [N(C₂H₅)₄][BF₄]-[N(C₃H₇)₄][BF₄] Binary System

“…4 Ionic plastic crystals are composed of highly disordered component ions, and have disordered structures which can result in a small entropy change of melting ("S m ). 13,14 Owing to the disorder originating from rotational motions of the ions, it is often difficult to precisely determine the structure of OIPCs. 3,12,[15][16][17] During considerable efforts to increase the ionic conductivity of OIPCs, the method of doping of the salts of target ions into OIPCs has been adopted since it was reported to significantly increase the ionic conductivity up to several orders of magnitude.…”

Indigenous Peoples' Innovation: Intellectual Property Pathways to Development

“…38 Many developing states also began to argue that TRIPS undermines the CBD because it requires all WTO members to allow for the patentability of micro-organisms and microbiological processes and the protection of plant varieties (by means of patents or some other system, or some combination thereof). 39 34 WAI 262, above n 4, 123-124. 35 See para 4 of the Preamble, arts 3 and 15.1 of the CBD.…”

“…38 D F Robinson, Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates (Earthscan, 2010) 14. 39 The negotiations in the WTO over the relationship between the CBD and TRIPS date back to the late 1990s. There are a very large number of documents.…”