Nafion ® and nanocellulose: A partnership for greener polymer electrolyte membranes

Gadim, Tiago D.O.; Vilela, Carla; Loureiro, Francisco J.A.; Silvestre, Armando J. D.; Freire, Carmen S.R.; Figueiredo, Filipe M.

doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.01.028

Cited by 65 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Although the BNC/LS-based membranes present a lower thermal stability than the commercial Nafion ® ionomer used in PEFCs (ca. 290 °C [ 12 ]), both membranes are thermally stable at least up to 200 °C in both inert and oxidative atmospheres. Hence, their thermal-oxidative profile does not jeopardize the envisioned application as ion-exchange membranes for PEFCs that operate under temperatures below 100 °C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the biotechnologically produced nanoscale form of cellulose [ 3 , 4 ], is particularly suitable, given its ability to be biosynthesized directly in the form of membranes with an adjustable size and shape, and also because of its unique mechanical performance. However, BNC presents a very low ionic conductivity [ 5 , 6 ], and therefore, the majority of the studies deal with either the chemical modification of BNC to introduce ionic moieties (e.g., sulfonic acid groups [ 7 ]) or the combination of BNC with synthetic polyelectrolytes (e.g., poly(bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate) [ 8 ] and poly(4-styrene sulfonic acid) [ 9 , 10 ]) or ionomers (e.g., Nafion ® [ 11 , 12 ]) that enable the transport of ions [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Nanocellulose/Lignosulfonates Ion-Conducting Separators for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

et al. 2020

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The utilization of biobased materials for the fabrication of naturally derived ion-exchange membranes is breezing a path to sustainable separators for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In this investigation, bacterial nanocellulose (BNC, a bacterial polysaccharide) and lignosulfonates (LS, a by-product of the sulfite pulping process), were blended by diffusion of an aqueous solution of the lignin derivative and of the natural-based cross-linker tannic acid into the wet BNC nanofibrous three-dimensional structure, to produce fully biobased ion-exchange membranes. These freestanding separators exhibited good thermal-oxidative stability of up to about 200 °C, in both inert and oxidative atmospheres (N2 and O2, respectively), high mechanical properties with a maximum Young’s modulus of around 8.2 GPa, as well as good moisture-uptake capacity with a maximum value of ca. 78% after 48 h for the membrane with the higher LS content. Moreover, the combination of the conducting LS with the mechanically robust BNC conveyed ionic conductivity to the membranes, namely a maximum of 23 mS cm−1 at 94 °C and 98% relative humidity (RH) (in-plane configuration), that increased with increasing RH. Hence, these robust water-mediated ion conductors represent an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional ion-exchange membranes for application in PEFCs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Nanocellulose/Lignosulfonates Ion-Conducting Separators for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

et al. 2020

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“…In addition, adding nanocellulose into polymer electrolyte (e.g., Nafion) could not only improve the mechanical and thermal stability, but also reduce water uptake plus area and volume swelling ratios in proton conducting membrane, which is one of the essential and critical materials in both proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The cross-linked structure formed by the nanocellulose could also effectively reduce the undesired methanol crossover [73][74][75][76].…”

Section: Nanocellulose Hybrid Membrane Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Review of Nanocellulose Based Hybrid Membranes for CO2 Separation

Dai

Ottesen

Deng

et al. 2019

Fibers

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Due to the high specific surface area, high mechanical strength and broad possibility of surface modification, nanocellulose has obtained much attention as a new class of bio-based nanomaterials with promising potential in a wide variety of applications. Recently, a considerable amount of research has been aimed to the fabrication of nanocellulose based hybrid membranes for water treatment. However, nanocellulose based hybrid gas separation membrane is still a new research area. Herein, we force on recent advancements in the fabrication methods and separation performances of nanocellulose-based hybrid membranes for CO2 separation, the transport mechanisms involved, along with the challenges in the utilization of nanocellulose in membranes. Finally, some perspectives on future R&D of nanocellulose-based membranes for CO2 separation are proposed.

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“…The water-loving nature of these nanoscopic entities can provide possible aid to the highly hydrophilic sulfonic groups to form ionic clusters for ions and water transport. In the literature, nanocelluloses have been suggested for applications in photonic films [27], polymer electrolyte membranes [28], fuel cells [29], and polymer-metal actuators [30]. Besides this, other types of nanocelluloses have been utilized for related systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a pertinent study by Gadim et al, a crack-free hybrid membrane was developed from bacterial cellulose and Nafion ® . The resulting matrix showed high mechanical properties and an in-plane protonic conductivity of 0.14 S·cm −1 [28]. Moreover, cellulose nanowhiskers (known as cellulose nanocrystals) have been successfully included to Nafion ® membrane to maximize the fuel cell performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure-Property Relationships in Hybrid Cellulose Nanofibrils/Nafion-Based Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites

et al. 2019

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Herein, we report the production of ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMCs) hybridized with cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) as a partial substitute for Nafion®. The aim is not only to reduce the production cost and enhance respective mechanical/thermal properties but also to bestow a considerable degree of biodegradability to such products. Formulations with different CNF/Nafion® ratios were produced in a thin-film casting process. Crack-free films were air-dried and plated by platinum (Pt) through an oxidation-reduction reaction. The produced hybrids were analyzed in terms of thermal stability, mechanical and morphological aspects to examine their performance compared to the Nafion-based IPMC prior to plating process. Results indicated that films with higher CNF loadings had improved tensile strengths and elastic moduli but reduced ductility. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the incorporation of CNF to the matrix reduced its thermal stability almost linearly, however, the onset of decomposition point remained above 120 °C, which was far above the temperature the composite membrane is expected to be exposed to. The addition of a cross-linking agent to the formulations helped with maintaining the integrity of the membranes during the plating process, thereby improving surface conductivity. The focus of the current study was on the physical and morphological properties of the films, and the presented data advocate the potential utilization of CNF as a nontoxic and sustainable bio-polymer for blending with perfluorosulfonic acid-based co-polymers, such as Nafion®, to be used in electroactive membranes.

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Nafion ® and nanocellulose: A partnership for greener polymer electrolyte membranes

Cited by 65 publications

References 27 publications

Flexible Nanocellulose/Lignosulfonates Ion-Conducting Separators for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

Flexible Nanocellulose/Lignosulfonates Ion-Conducting Separators for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells

A Brief Review of Nanocellulose Based Hybrid Membranes for CO2 Separation

Structure-Property Relationships in Hybrid Cellulose Nanofibrils/Nafion-Based Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites

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