Naloxone facilitates appetitive extinction and eliminates escape from frustration

Behavioral neuroscience of psychological pain

“…Fourth, animals also learn to escape a location in which a reward has failed to occur-a phenomenon traditionally called escape from frustration (Daly, 1974). Such escape responses can be assessed by measuring entries and time spent in the withdrawal chamber , the latency to escape (Norris et al, 2009), or by calculating the average distance away from the food tray in a runway . SNC and appetitive extinction provide a valid ground to test the notion that reward loss induces psychological pain, although they have been traditionally conceptualized in learning-cognitive terms.…”

Consummatory Successive Negative Contrast in Mongolian Gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus)

“…These differences seem to be related to the differential action of nuclei in the brain opioid subsystem (reviewed in Papini, Wood, Daniel & Norris, 2006). Instead, in gerbils we did not find differences in behavior during session 11 and 12, a results that occurs in rats only when opioid antagonists are applied (see Norris et al, 2009).…”

“…The prevailing hypothesis on successive negative contrast is a hypothesis emotional in nature: frustration (Amsel, 2006;Manzo et al, 2015;Norris, Pérez-Acosta, Ortega & Papini, 2009;. The alternative proposal opposing the frustration hypothesis refers instead to the decreased palatability of the sucrose (Olszewski & Levine, 2007).…”

Indices of extinction-induced “depression” after operant learning using a runway vs. a cued free-reward delivery schedule

“…It is well known that loss or omission of reward is aversive to organisms (for review see: Papini, 2003), resulting in a number of behavioral effects, such as aggressive behavior (Azrin et al, 1966;Dantzer et al, 1980;Huston et al, 2012), increases in general activity (Flaherty, 1982;Flaherty et al, 1979), anxiety-like behavior or escape responses (Bentosela et al, 2008;Daly, 1974;Huston et al, 2012;Komorowski et al, 2012;Norris et al, 2009, for review see: Papini & Dudley, 1997). We found a suppressive effect of antidepressants upon rearing behavior during extinction in the operant chamber as well as the runway.…”

“…Operant extinction results in elevated levels of corticosterone in rodents (Coover, Goldman, & Levine, 1971;Kawasaki & Iwasaki, 1997), indicating that the loss of reinforcement represents stress for the animal. Furthermore, during operant extinction rats exhibit a greater spatial variability (Devenport, 1984) and respond to it with an increase in aggressiveness (Azrin, Hutchinson, & Hake, 1966;Dantzer, Arnone, & Mormede, 1980), motor activation (Flaherty, 1982;Flaherty, Troncoso, & Deschu, 1979), anxiety-like behavior Schulz et al, 2007a) or escape responses (Bentosela, Barrera, Jakovcevic, Elgier, & Mustaca, 2008;Daly, 1974;Huston et al, 2012;Komorowski et al, 2012;Norris, Pérez-Acosta, Ortega, & Papini, 2009). We hypothesized, that withdrawal from positive reward during extinction could serve as a behavioral marker of a depressive-like state and examined this question by using a cued fixed-time reward delivery paradigm in an elongated operant chamber as well as food-reinforced lever-pressing response in a Skinner-box, which was connected to a withdrawal chamber Komorowski et al, 2012).…”