Nano-structure and property transformations of carbon systems under γ-ray irradiation: a review

Gamma-radiated biochar carbon for improved supercapacitor performance

“…Another reason behind choosing gamma radiation to treat carbon materials was the fact that it's a safe method that could protect the environment against pollution, reduce maintenance costs and save energy consumption. 22,23 Ahmed Reza et al in 2019 used different radiation doses from 0 to 100 kGy (1 kGy ¼ 1000 gray ¼ 1000 joule kg À1 ) of gamma-rays (i.e. g-irradiation) to treat carbon nanostructure materials (CNMs) including graphene nanoplate, graphene oxide, single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT).…”

Friction anisotropy in boronated graphite

“…In our sample, other diffraction peaks are observed at 2Â values of 42.3 • and 44.6 • corresponding to (1 0 0) and (1 0 1) reflection planes, respectively. These peaks belong to turbostratic class of disordered carbon materials [26]. Intensities of these two peaks further decrease in the direction of prismatic plane (Fig.…”

Small angle X-ray scattering study of microvoid evolution and pertinence of microvoid and mechanical properties in γ-irradiated CFs

“…19 The decrease of d 002 interlayer spacing revealed that degree of graphitization was improved due to the Compton scattering effect caused by g-rays. 20 The d 002 of CFs irradiated in ECP was larger than that in Ar due to the surface graing reactions. Oxygen-containing functional groups were signicantly introduced into the graphene planes in outersurface part of CFs irradiated in ECP by the combined effect of reactive media and g-rays, which leaded to the decrease of graphitization degree for outer surface part.…”