“…Another class of emerging pollutants includes toxic NPs, which are widely used materials in a diverse range of applications such as biosensing, 100,101 energy storage devices, 102 energy conversion devices, 103 production of green hydrogen, 104 catalysts for organic transformation, 105 structural health monitoring, 106 orthodontics, 107 and biomedicine 108,109 depending on their properties. The increasing applications of NPs in every aspect of nanoscience and technology have given rise to a serious concern about their undesired presence in the environment.…”