Nanocarbon for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis: Dopants, Edges, and Defects

Tang, Cheng; Zhang, Qiang

doi:10.1002/adma.201604103

Cited by 779 publications

(520 citation statements)

References 74 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…This conceptual system based on the solar-hydrogen-electricity circulation is a green and sustainable setup with zero damage to the environment. [216][217][218][219] These materials include carbon nanotubes, graphite, and graphene. [11,204] The concern to improve the efficiency of HOR is mostly the gas diffusion on the porous surface and the stability of the porous structure during the cell operation.…”

Section: The Hydrogen Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reactions In Fuementioning

confidence: 99%

Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Energy Conversion Based on Water Splitting

Zhang

Cao

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

508

250

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Artificial photosynthesis provides a blueprint to harvest solar energy to sustain the future energy demands. Solar‐driven water splitting, converting solar energy into hydrogen energy, is the prototype of photosynthesis. Various systems have been designed and evaluated to understand the reaction pathways and/or to meet the requirements of potential applications. In solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion, electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are key research areas that are meaningful both theoretically and practically. To utilize hydrogen energy, fuel cell technology has been extensively investigated because of its high efficiency in releasing chemical energy. In this review, general concepts of the photosynthesis in green plants are discussed, different strategies for the light‐driven water splitting proposed in laboratories are introduced, the progress of electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are reviewed, and finally, the reactions in hydrogen fuel cells are briefly discussed. Overall, the mass and energy circulation in the solar‐hydrogen‐electricity circle are delineated. The authors conclude that attention from scientists and engineers of relevant research areas is still highly needed to eliminate the wide disparity between the aspirations and realities of artificial photosynthesis.

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Section: The Hydrogen Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reactions In Fuementioning

confidence: 99%

Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Energy Conversion Based on Water Splitting

Zhang

Cao

2017

Advanced Energy Materials

508

250

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“…

controlled to obtain efficient activities; otherwise the porous structures might collapse, and the active centers might be hindered. [10][11][12][13][14] Such catalysts should be further explored to fulfill the requirements of cell optimizations and applications.Combining MOFs with carbon materials, such as graphene or carbon nanotubes to enhance performance has been widely studied in the fields of sensing, [15,16] separation, [17] catalysis, [18] supercapacitor, [19] etc. On the other hand, the mechanisms to provide high activities are convoluted due to the diversity of potential functional centers in such materials.

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modifying Commercial Carbon with Trace Amounts of ZIF to Prepare Derivatives with Superior ORR Activities

Chen

et al. 2017

Advanced Materials

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Reducing costs while maintaining high activities and stabilities of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts has long been pursued for applications to membrane fuel cells. Here, an absorption-reaction method is used to prepare a zeolitic imidazolate framework coated commercial carbon, and the pyrolysis of such material brings about impressive ORR activities and stabilities with large diffusion-limited current density, half-wave potential, and no obvious decay after 10 000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, which is even better than that of the commercial Pt/C catalysts. The absorption-reaction method is realized by simply soaking the commercial carbon black sequentially in Co(NO ) and 2-methylimidazole solutions at ambient conditions. The detailed analysis on such carbon materials reveals that both Co and N are essential to activities, even the amount of N and Co species is very low. The reduction of raw materials and simplified handling procedures result in well-controlled costs in applications.

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“…Like all crystalline materials, certain amounts of disorders or defects are unavoidable in graphitic carbons because of the second law of thermodynamics [110]. In general, intrinsic defects in nanocarbon structures, including vacancies, voids, Stone-Wales defects, dislocation, and grain boundaries [110][111][112], often result from the absence of certain atoms and/or reconstruction of the lattice, leading to breaks in electron-hole symmetry [113].…”

Section: Defect-induced Charge Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, intrinsic defects in nanocarbon structures, including vacancies, voids, Stone-Wales defects, dislocation, and grain boundaries [110][111][112], often result from the absence of certain atoms and/or reconstruction of the lattice, leading to breaks in electron-hole symmetry [113]. These defective regions in graphitic carbon materials, with dangling groups, hydrogen saturation, or reconstruction free from dangling groups, have been widely demonstrated to alter local densities of π-electrons and increase chemical reactivities [114].…”

Section: Defect-induced Charge Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalysis for Energy Conversion, Energy Storage, and Environmental Protection

Xiao

Zou

et al. 2018

Electrochem. Energ. Rev.

166

103

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Carbon-based metal-free catalysts possess desirable properties such as high earth abundance, low cost, high electrical conductivity, structural tunability, good selectivity, strong stability in acidic/alkaline conditions, and environmental friendliness. Because of these properties, these catalysts have recently received increasing attention in energy and environmental applications. Subsequently, various carbon-based electrocatalysts have been developed to replace noble metal catalysts for low-cost renewable generation and storage of clean energy and environmental protection through metal-free electrocatalysis. This article provides an up-to-date review of this rapidly developing field by critically assessing recent advances in the mechanistic understanding, structure design, and material/device fabrication of metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts for clean energy conversion/storage and environmental protection, along with discussions on current challenges and perspectives. Graphical AbstractKeywords Metal-free electrocatalysis · Carbon-based catalysts · Energy conversion and storage · Environmental protection

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Nanocarbon for Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis: Dopants, Edges, and Defects

Cited by 779 publications

References 74 publications

Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Energy Conversion Based on Water Splitting

Solar‐to‐Hydrogen Energy Conversion Based on Water Splitting

Modifying Commercial Carbon with Trace Amounts of ZIF to Prepare Derivatives with Superior ORR Activities

Carbon-Based Metal-Free Electrocatalysis for Energy Conversion, Energy Storage, and Environmental Protection

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