Nanoelectrochemistry for Single‐Cell Analysis

Abstract

Electroanalytical experiments in single cells provide valuable information about their diversity and functions. Nanoelectrochemical probes are highly suitable for such measurements due to their small size, high sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response. Since their introduction in the 1990s, nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes have been employed for intracellular and extracellular experiments, cell topography and reactivity mapping, detection and analysis of various biological vesicles. In this article, we briefly discuss the fundamentals of electrochemical nanosensors and several techniques employing them, and then survey a few representative applications, including measurements of oxidative stress, neurotransmitters, and electrochemical imaging of single living cells.