Nanomaterials: Doing More with Less

Environmental Properties and Applications of Biodegradable Starch-Based Nanocomposites

“…Based on the definition, a thin film with <100 nm thickness is a nanomaterial as one of the dimensions is nanometric. Likewise, nanomaterials such as nanofibers, nanowires, and nanorods have two dimensions on the nanoscale, whereas quantum dots, nanoparticles, dendrimers, and fullerene have three dimensions in the nanometer range ( Figure 2 ) [ 40 ].…”

“…Three-dimensional (3D) is the combination of nanocrystals in different directions which have various dimensions above 100 nm. Figure 3 depicts the classification of nanomaterials based on dimensionality [ 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

“…In the top-down method, the bulk material is restructured into nanomaterials using mechanical grinding/milling, ball milling, polishing, lithography, and other means. While in the bottom-up method, nanomaterials are assembled from atomic range particles/molecules or nanoclusters through the sol–gel method, spinning, molecular self-assembly, pyrolysis and condensation, vapor phase deposition, and other methods [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Thermally enhanced polyolefin composites: fundamentals, progress, challenges, and prospects

“…Generally, 0D fillers are considered as point-like particles including sphere or cluster-like structure, (2) 1D fillers include nanofibers, rods, wires, etc. (3) 2D fillers are sheets or layer type structures, and (4) 3D fillers include 3D network-like fillers ( Figure 6 ) [ 48 , 49 ]. For each filler type, the primary mechanism of κ c is related to the formation of a conductive network in the PNC and the reduction of the filler-filler ITR.…”