Nanometer ripple formation and self-affine roughening of ion-beam-eroded graphite surfaces

Spontaneous Pattern Formation from Focused and Unfocused Ion Beam Irradiation

“…The interplay of these two effects selects a characteristic wavelength for the pattern. This linear theory reproduces many experimental observations [9] but not all [10] [4] [11]. At large amplitudes, nonlinear terms have been proposed [12].…”

Self-organized nanopatterning of silicon surfaces by ion beam sputtering

“…This fact may be behind the relevance of a model like Eq. (8) to the observed evolution of some IBS nanoripple patterns [214]. In particular, the aKS equation has been recently shown [82,83] to be a promising model to account for the rotation of the ripple pattern with increasing fluence, which has been experimentally observed on Si targets at elevated temperature [79,80] and was discussed in Section 3.1.…”

Influence of collision cascade statistics on pattern formation of ion-sputtered surfaces

“…Besides kinetic roughening, wavelike ripple structures may occur. Such height modulations on the submicron scale have been observed for crystalline semiconductors 1,2 as well as for crystalline metals 3,4 and some amorphous 5 and polycrystalline materials, see a recent review in Ref. 6.…”

“…8,9 Although this mechanism seems to be quite universal, there are materialspecific differences in the evolution of surface topographies. For non-metallic substrates, for example, one usually needs off-normal incidence of ion flux to produce ripples, which change their orientation with the incidence angle, 2,4,5,10,11,12,13,14 whereas ripples are observed on metallic substrates even at normal incidence, and the orientation of ripples changes with substrate temperature. 3,15,16 Furthermore, the smoothing mechanism of surface diffusion is not well understood yet.…”