Nanoparticle-based Point of Care Immunoassays for in vitro Biomedical Diagnostics

Abstract

In resource-limited settings, the availability of medical practitioners and early diagnostic facilities are inadequate relative to the population size and disease burden. To address cost and delayed time issues in diagnostics, strip-based immunoassays, e.g. dipstick, lateral flow assay (LFA) and microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (microPADs), have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional diagnostic approaches. These assays rely on chromogenic agents to detect disease biomarkers. However, limited specificity and sensitivity have motivated scientists to improve the efficiency of these assays by conjugating chromogenic agents with nanoparticles for enhanced qualitative and quantitative output. Various nanomaterials, which include metallic, magnetic and luminescent nanoparticles, are being used in the fabrication of biosensors to detect and quantify biomolecules and disease biomarkers. This review discusses some of the principles and applications of such nanoparticle-based point of care biosensors in biomedical diagnosis.

FrameQR®-code-embedded Paper Sensors: One-click Screening Solution to Analyze Colorimetric Output and On-chip Test and Patient Information

“…Although the cost of paper-based assays has decreased and their colorimetric output has undoubtedly improved owing to these modifications, there are still challenges that need to be addressed. (21,22,27,28) In laboratory-based assays, specimens must be labeled correctly with the patient ID, sample date, test type, and so forth.…”

“…(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) These devices have been used in diverse medical and clinical applications. (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) Along with their fabrication, different modifications have been proposed to make the output of microPADs more meaningful, (20)(21)(22) but a few issues such as readability still remain to be resolved fully. For example, after taking a biofluid sample (e.g., serum, urine, etc.…”

Non-enzymatic colorimetric glucose detection based on Au/Ag nanoparticles using smartphone and machine learning

“…31,32 Au NPs and Ag NPs have characteristic optical properties in the visible region depending on their dispersion and aggregation in a liquid. 33,34 Therefore, the interaction between the NPs and glucose molecules leads to a color change, resulting in glucose level measurements with colorimetric approaches. Li et al reported a nonenzymatic method using gold nanostructures for glucose level detection forming a silver film via the silver mirror reaction (SMR).…”

FrameQR®-code-embedded Paper Sensors: One-click Screening Solution to Analyze Colorimetric Output and On-chip Test and Patient Information

“…(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) These devices have been used in diverse medical and clinical applications. (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) Along with their fabrication, different modifications have been proposed to make the output of microPADs more meaningful, (20)(21)(22) but a few issues such as readability still remain to be resolved fully. For example, after taking a biofluid sample (e.g., serum, urine, etc.…”