“…As a critical stage in a plant's life cycle, germination is influenced by environmental conditions, including temperature, salinity, light, soil moisture, and The dose of nanoparticle, duration of treatment, method of application, type of nanoparticle, and plant species always have an impact on crop yield. In the case of Fe nanoparticles, they showed better results in improving nutrient uptake and germination [25,30,31] Fe 3 O 4 NPs2 increased embryo length by about 2-fold over six days (Fig. 2A).…”