Nanosensor-Based Flexible Electronic Assisted with Light Fidelity Communicating Technology for Volatolomics-Based Telemedicine

Abstract

Telemedicine provides an attractive vision for tele-monitoring human health conditions and, thus, offers the opportunity for timely preventing chronic disease. A key limitation of promoting telemedicine in clinic application is the lack of a noninvasive med-tech and effective monitoring platform, which should be wearable and capable of high-performance tele-monitoring of health risk. Here we proposed a volatolomics-based telemedicine for continuously and noninvasively assessing human health status through continuously tracking the variation of volatile markers derived from human breath or skin. Particularly, a nanosensor-based flexible electronic was specifically designed to serve as a powerful platform for implementing the proposed cost-effective healthcare. An all-flexible and highly packed makeup (all functional units were integrated in a 2*2*0.19 cm3 plate) enables an electronic, compact configuration and the capability of resisting negative impact derived from customers’ daily movement. Notably, the nanosensor-based electronic demonstrates high specificity, quick response rate (t 90% = 4.5 s), and desirable low detection limit (down to 0.117 ppm) in continuous tele-monitoring chronic-disease-related volatile marker (e.g., acetone). Assisted by the power saved light fidelity (Li-Fi) communicating technology, a clinic proof on the specifically designed electronic for noninvasively and uninterrupted assessing potential health risk (e.g., diabetics) is successfully implemented, with the accuracy of around 81%. A further increase in the accuracy of prewarning is predicted by excluding the impact of individual differences such as the gender, age, and smoking status of the customer. These promising pilot results indicate a bright future for the tailor-made nanosensing-device-supported volatolomics-based telemedicine in preventing chronic diseases and increasing patients’ survival rate.

Boosting Selectivity and Sensitivity to Biomarkers of Quantum Resistive Vapour Sensors Used for Volatolomics with Nanoarchitectured Carbon Nanotubes or Graphene Platelets Connected by Fullerene Junctions

“…Since breath extract consists of VOC mostly present at tiny concentrations, it is important to analyse the performance of our sensors under real conditions of ppb level exposure to VOC. In order to assess the efficiency of the sensors during sensing of trace level of vapour molecules in the surroundings, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was measured according to LEWIS et al [90] using Equation (2). where ΔRmax = the steady-state resistance change upon exposing the sensor to solvent vapour molecules (analyte), i.e., the difference between the maximum resistance of a sensor obtained after exposure to a solvent and the baseline resistance of a sensor; σbaseline = the standard deviation in baseline resistance of the sensor before analyte delivery, calculated using 10 data points.…”

“…Since breath extract consists of VOC mostly present at tiny concentrations, it is important to analyse the performance of our sensors under real conditions of ppb level exposure to VOC. In order to assess the efficiency of the sensors during sensing of trace level of vapour molecules in the surroundings, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) was measured according to Lewis et al [90] using Equation (2).…”

“…In particular, the detection and identification of biomarkers in the volatolome (volatiles emitted by the human body) should lead to the development of novel, noninvasive anticipated diagnostic methods for a wide range of diseases. The promise of "volatolomics" [1,2] is to detect at their very early stages of development different types of cancer [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], tuberculosis [10,11] liver failure [12], kidney failure [13], Parkinson's disease [14], and many others [15][16][17][18][19]. The spheres of application of VOC sensing beyond medicine are food degradation monitoring [20][21][22], environment monitoring, i.e., the indication of hazardous chemical leakage, the monitoring of organic solvent vapour concentration in the air [23][24][25][26], space exploration, and homeland security [27][28][29][30], process control of chemical and food production [31], the monitoring of quality and alcohol content in automotive fuel [32,33] and others [34].…”

Mathematical Model Simulation of Detailed Classification of Telemedicine Sensing Data

“…In particular, a flexible electronic product based on nano sensors is specially designed as a powerful platform for implementing the proposed cost-effective health care. Although this method realizes telemedicine health monitoring, it does not process and classify telemedicine sensing data, which needs to be further optimized [3]. Shi et al shows that precision medicine, as a new medical service model, has developed rapidly in recent years, which summarizes the problems encountered in the development of precision medicine.…”

Liquid Metal-Based Epidermal Flexible Sensor for Wireless Breath Monitoring and Diagnosis Enabled by Highly Sensitive SnS 2 Nanosheets

“…Real-time respiratory monitoring requires suitable gas sensing devices that should be lightweight and thus wearable to minimize any adverse effect on daily life activities [21,22]. While the biomarker sensing material should be immune to interference from other gases and high levels of humidity (typically, exhaled air has >80% relative humidity), it should be highly sensitive to the target biomarker gas [23].…”