Nanotubes in Microwave Fields:  Light Emission, Intense Heat, Outgassing, and Reconstruction

Imholt, Timothy; Dyke, Christopher A.; Hasslacher, Brosl; Pérez, Jose; Price, David W.; Roberts, James A.; Scott, J. B.; Wadhawan, A.; Ye, Z.; Tour, James M.

doi:10.1021/cm034530g

Cited by 175 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A rapid temperature elevation and nanotube reconstruction had already been reported by Imholt et al [6] in 2003. Much more detailed analyses were made by Lin et al [17] in 2010.…”

Section: Microwave Heating Of Cntssupporting

confidence: 56%

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Microwave heating of carbon-based solid materials

Kim

Lee²,

Lee³

2014

Carbon letters

142

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As a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, microwaves heat materials fast and efficiently via direct energy transfer, while conventional heating methods rely on conduction and convection. To date, the use of microwave heating in the research of carbon-based materials has been mainly limited to liquid solutions. However, more rapid and efficient heating is possible in electron-rich solid materials, because the target materials absorb the energy of microwaves effectively and exclusively. Carbon-based solid materials are suitable for microwave-heating due to the delocalized pi electrons from sp2-hybridized carbon networks. In this perspective review, research on the microwave heating of carbon-based solid materials is extensively investigated. This review includes basic theories of microwave heating, and applications in carbon nanotubes, graphite and other carbon-based materials. Finally, priority issues are discussed for the advanced use of microwave heating, which have been poorly understood so far: heating mechanism, temperature control, and penetration depth.

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“…A rapid temperature elevation and nanotube reconstruction had already been reported by Imholt et al [6] in 2003. Much more detailed analyses were made by Lin et al [17] in 2010.…”

Section: Microwave Heating Of Cntssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…In 2003 Imholt et al [6] reported various observations of microwave-CNTs reaction with temperature measurement. Microwave irradiation (2.45 GHz, 700 W) on HiPco-generated SWCNTs showed strong microwave absorption with light emission, heat release, outgassing and nanotube reconstruction.…”

Section: Polarizations Under Microwavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave heating of carbon-based solid materials

Kim

Lee²,

Lee³

2014

Carbon letters

142

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“…We have recently reported preliminary studies on the absorption of microwave radiation by iron-catalyzed highpressure disproportionation ͑HiPco͒-grown 2,3 single wall carbon nanotubes ͑SWNTs͒. 4 In this letter, we compare in detail the effects of microwave radiation on purified and unpurified HiPco SWNTs, and carbon black in ultrahigh vacuum ͑UHV͒. Under microwave irradiation, we observe that unpurified HiPco SWNTs quickly reach temperatures of approximately 1850°C, glowing bright yellow in color.…”

Section: Nanoparticle-assisted Microwave Absorption By Single-wall Camentioning

confidence: 87%

Nanoparticle-assisted microwave absorption by single-wall carbon nanotubes

Wadhawan

Garrett

Pérez

2003

Applied Physics Letters

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186

117

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Irradiance influence on the multicolor photochromism of mesoporous TiO2 films loaded with silver nanoparticles Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, 173106 (2011) Computational study on structural modification of single-walled carbon nanotubes by electron irradiation J. Appl. Phys. 109, 054304 (2011) Multiwalled carbon nanotubes and dispersed nanodiamond novel hybrids: Microscopic structure evolution, physical properties, and radiation resilience J. Appl. Phys. 109, 014314 (2011) Continuous-wave laser annealing of Si-rich oxide: A microscopic picture of macroscopic Si-SiO2 phase separation

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“…It is well known that CNTs absorb microwave energy because of their structure, [69,70] allowing them to react more easily when using microwaves than when using conventional heating. In fact, microwave-assisted 300 chemistry has become a very attractive and useful tool for the fast and effective functionalization of CNTs in recent years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon nanotube-protein carriers enhance size-dependent self-adjuvant antibody response to haptens

Parra

Abad‐Somovilla

Mercader

et al. 2013

Journal of Controlled Release

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nanomaterials with interesting emerging applications. Their 25 properties makes CNTs excellent candidates for use as new nanovehicles in drug delivery, immunization and diagnostics. In the current study, we assessed the immune-response-amplifying properties of CNTs to haptens by using azoxystrobin, the first developed strobilurin fungicide, as a model analyte. An azoxystrobin derivative bearing a carboxylated spacer arm (hapten AZc6) was covalently coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the resulting BSA-AZc6 conjugate was 30 covalently linked to four functionalized CNTs of different shapes and sizes, varying in diameter and length. These four types of CNT-based constructs were obtained using efficient, fast, and easy functionalization procedures based on microwave-assisted chemistry. New Zealand rabbits and BALB/c mice were immunized with BSA-AZc6 alone and with the four CNT-BSA-AZc6 constructs, both with and without Freund's adjuvant. The IgG-type antibody responses were assessed 35 in terms of the titer and affinity, paying special attention to the relationship between the immune response and the size and shape of the employed CNTs. Immunization with CNT-BSA-AZc6 resulted in enhanced titers and excellent affinities for azoxystrobin. More important, remarkable IgG responses were obtained even in the absence of an adjuvant, thus proving the self-adjuvanting capability of CNTs. Immunogens were able to produce strong anti-azoxystrobin immune responses 40 in rabbits even when administered at a BSA-AZc6 conjugate dose as low as 0.05 g. The short and thick CNT-BSA-AZc6 construct produced the best antibody response under all tested conditions.

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Nanotubes in Microwave Fields: Light Emission, Intense Heat, Outgassing, and Reconstruction

Cited by 175 publications

References 16 publications

Microwave heating of carbon-based solid materials

Microwave heating of carbon-based solid materials

Nanoparticle-assisted microwave absorption by single-wall carbon nanotubes

Carbon nanotube-protein carriers enhance size-dependent self-adjuvant antibody response to haptens

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