Nasopharyngeal carriage rates and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae among school children with acute otitis media in Central Java, Indonesia

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common bacterial pathogen that causes acute otitis media (AOM) in children. In this study, we investigated nasopharyngeal carriage rates and serotype distributions of S. pneumoniae among school children with AOM in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, from 2018 to 2019. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens and demographic data were collected from 122 children between the ages of 6 and 12. The specimens were cultured for the identification of S. pneumoniae , and serotyping was performed using a sequential multiplex PCR assay. We found that the S. pneumoniae carriage rate was 73 % (89/122) among children with AOM. Serotypes 23A (11 %) and 6A/6B (10 %) were the most common serotypes among the 91 cultured S. pneumoniae strains, followed by 3 (8 %), 14 (7 %), 6C/6D (7 %), 11A/11D (6 %), 15B/15C (4 %) and 35 B (4 %). Moreover, 41 % of the strains could be covered by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13. In conclusion, high nasopharyngeal carriage rates of S. pneumoniae were found in school children with AOM, with almost half of the strains being the vaccine-type. This finding provides a baseline for nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in school children with AOM and supports the implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Indonesia.

Identification of the Viral Pathogens in School Children With Acute Otitis Media in Central Java, Indonesia

“…Previously, we have reported that 73% and 69.7% of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were identified from the same set of nasopharyngeal specimens respectively. 7 , 8 We analysis further regarding the co-infection of viruses and bacteria of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae . We found that 62.2% (23/37) of nasopharyngeal swab samples that detected positive for viruses were also detected positive for both S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae bacteria.…”

“…Then, the specimens were transported to the laboratory, vortexed, and stored at −80°C within 4 hours after collection. 7 …”

“… 6 Previously, we have reported that 73% and 69.7% of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were identified among school children with AOM in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia respectively. 7 , 8 Data on the spectrum of viruses that cause AOM in Indonesia are still limited. This study we continue to analyze nasopharynx (NP) samples collected from 119 school children with AOM in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.…”

Pneumococcal Carriage in Jordanian Children and the Importance of Vaccination

“…In Israel, carriage rates tested on ages between 2 and 24 months was shown to increase with age from 2 months with 26% carriage rate to 62% at age of 24 months [23]. In a recent study about carriage of the pneumococcus in Indonesia showed high carriage rate of 73% in school children with acute otitis media (AOM) [24]. Dominant serotypes of the school children were 23A (11 %), 6A/6B (10 %), 3 (8 %), 14 (7 %), 6C/6D (7 %), 11A/11D (6 %), 15B/15C Other study in south Italy on healthy children aged 1-7 years attending day-care centers and schools showed nasopharyngeal colonization rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae to be 18.29%.…”

Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Haemophilus influenzae Isolated from School Children with Acute Otitis Media

“…4015/KEPK/FK/2018.3574. Among school children screened for AOM infection, 166 children were diagnosed with positive cases of AOM [ 9 , 10 ]. However, only 122 nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens were available for the present study.…”