Natural rubber modification as a pre-vulcanized latex impregnated with TiO2 for photo-catalytic degradation of gaseous benzene

Abstract

Photocatalytic oxidation purposes an economical and environmental friendly process to remove benzene from indoor air pollution. However, the process efficiency is primarily dependent on catalytic-film. The main purpose of this study is to synthesize pre-vulcanized latex impregnated with TiO 2 (PVL-TiO 2 thin film) from natural rubber to be used in photo-catalytic oxidation for benzene removal in a reactor. PVL-TiO 2 thin films were synthesized for 3 different dosages of TiO 2 , which were 5%, 15%, and 25% The outcome of this study offers the new application of modified natural rubber in terms of environmental and health care protection. Morphology of the synthesized films was analyzed by SEM. The results showed that TiO 2 particles could be well dispersed all over the surface of the film, in which the best distribution could be found for the PVL-TiO 2 15% thin film. Tensile stress of the films was analyzed using ASTM D412. Results showed that the stress of the films got higher with the increasing amount of TiO 2 content. This indicates that TiO 2 strengthened the PVL-TiO 2 film because the uniformly distribution of TiO 2 on the inner surface increased the strength of the film. The decomposition of PVL and PVL-TiO 2 thin films was analyzed using thermo gravimetric analysis. The maximum weight loss rates in the range of 1.536-1.145 wt %/ C attained at between 380 -382 C TiO 2 particles enhanced thermal stability of PVL-TiO 2 thin films due to the high decomposition temperature of its properties and also acted as barrier for the heat transfer of the films. Specific surface area (SSA) of the films was analyzed using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller. Specific surface area increased as the increasing content of TiO 2 , which corresponded to the morphology analysis by SEM. The analysis of chemical functional group of thin films was performed using ATR-FTIR. The results of Crystal identification using XRD clearly showed good attachment of rutile TiO 2 on the films. Finally, results of absorbance spectrums and band gap energy showed that PVL not only peg TiO 2 particles but also reducing band gap energy which induced by S and ZnO. Therefore, PVL-TiO 2 thin films could be used under visible light condition. The films were then used in the study of benzene removal in annular reactor. The highest removal efficiency (83%)for the PVL-TiO 2 15% thin film was obtained. Comparing to the maximum removal efficiency for PVL film (28%), roughly 60% increase in efficiency was achieved. The PCO kinetics were well fit by a first order Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The calculation of oxidation rate and percentage of residual intermediates indicated that accumulation of residual intermediates can occur on the active site and the gas phase, resulting in increasing of residual intermediates. The successful synthesis of PVL-TiO 2 thin film provides new opportunity to use natural rubber in terms of environmental and health care protection.

Photocatalytic Oxidation of PLA/TiO2-Composite Films for Indoor Air Purification

“…In this study, benzene was the only pollutant available for degradation, and a single site Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was applied to evaluate the photocatalytic oxidation rates. 45 In addition, Figure 6 shows that the film with a TiO 2 dosage of 5% wt/wt yielded the highest removal efficiency (44%); the 10 and 15% wt/wt films exhibited removal efficiencies of 42 and 32%, respectively. On the other hand, there was a small decrease when the dose of TiO 2 rose from 5 to 15% wt/wt.…”

“…For PCO, accumulation of residual intermediates can occur at the active site and in the benzene gas phase, which subsequently increases the proportions of residual intermediates. 45 …”

“…A first-order reaction at low concentrations was confirmed by previous research, and a linear increase in the reaction rate at low initial benzene concentrations was reported. In this study, benzene was the only pollutant available for degradation, and a single site Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was applied to evaluate the photocatalytic oxidation rates . In addition, Figure shows that the film with a TiO 2 dosage of 5% wt/wt yielded the highest removal efficiency (44%); the 10 and 15% wt/wt films exhibited removal efficiencies of 42 and 32%, respectively.…”

“…After this, the concentrations of intermediates increased slowly at rates corresponding to the oxidation rates. For PCO, accumulation of residual intermediates can occur at the active site and in the benzene gas phase, which subsequently increases the proportions of residual intermediates …”

“…For determination of the oxidation rate and CO 2 yield, 45 gas samples were collected at the sampling port of the reactor. The gas samples were then studied using gas chromatography–flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography–thermal conductivity detection (GC-TCD) for the analyses of benzene and CO 2 , respectively.…”