Natural variation in the pattern‐triggered immunity response in plants: Investigations, implications and applications

Abstract

The pattern‐triggered immunity (PTI) response is triggered at the plant cell surface by the recognition of microbe‐derived molecules known as microbe‐ or pathogen‐associated molecular patterns or molecules derived from compromised host cells called damage‐associated molecular patterns. Membrane‐localized receptor proteins, known as pattern recognition receptors, are responsible for this recognition. Although much of the machinery of PTI is conserved, natural variation for the PTI response exists within and across species with respect to the components responsible for pattern recognition, activation of the response, and the strength of the response induced. This review describes what is known about this variation. We discuss how variation in the PTI response can be measured and how this knowledge might be utilized in the control of plant disease and in developing plant varieties with enhanced disease resistance.

Single-molecule analysis reveals the phosphorylation of FLS2 governs its spatiotemporal dynamics and immunity

“…Plasma membrane (PM) localized receptor kinase (RK) plays a crucial role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), the initial defense layer in plants, features with an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain ( Liang and Zhou, 2018 ). FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2), a star RK in PTI, senses a conserved N-terminal epitope (flg22) of the bacterial flagellin ( Hudson et al, 2024 ). Upon flg22 perception, FLS2 rapidly interacts with its co-receptor brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated kinase1 (BAK1) to form an active receptor complex ( Chinchilla et al, 2006 ; Chinchilla et al, 2007 ; Heese et al, 2007 ), initiating phosphorylation events through activating receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) such as BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) to elicit downstream immune responses ( Lu et al, 2010 ; Zhang et al, 2010 ).…”

Single-molecule analysis reveals the phosphorylation of FLS2 governs its spatiotemporal dynamics and immunity

“…Plasma-membrane (PM) localized receptor kinase (RK) plays a crucial role in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), the initial defense layer in plants, features with an extracellular domain, a single transmembrane region, and a cytoplasmic kinase domain (Liang et al, 2018). FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2), a star RK in PTI, senses a conserved N-terminal epitope (flg22) of the bacterial flagellin (Hudson et al, 2024). Upon flg22 perception, FLS2 rapidly interacts with its co-receptor brassinosteroid insensitive1-associated kinase1 (BAK1) to form an active receptor complex (Chinchilla et al, 2006;Chinchilla et al, 2007;Heese et al, 2007), initiating phosphorylation events through activating receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) such as BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE 1 (BIK1) to elicit downstream immune responses (Lu et al, 2010;Zhang et al, 2010).…”