“…In addition, the purely lytic life cycle, high burst rate, as well as complete absence of pathogenicity islands, antibiotic resistance genes, and integrases suggest that T5-like phages are promising candidates for the development of medical applications. 26,27 Together, these features may lead to a renewed interest in this classical but still relatively poorly characterized bacteriophage.…”
“…In addition, the purely lytic life cycle, high burst rate, as well as complete absence of pathogenicity islands, antibiotic resistance genes, and integrases suggest that T5-like phages are promising candidates for the development of medical applications. 26,27 Together, these features may lead to a renewed interest in this classical but still relatively poorly characterized bacteriophage.…”
“…Burst sizes of AR1, CEV1, CEV2, AKFV33, CBA120 and SFP10 are 34,150,350,350,440 and 100 p.f.u. per cell, respectively Niu et al, 2012;Park et al, 2012;Raya et al, 2006Raya et al, , 2011Ronner & Cliver, 1990). …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Longer bacterial killing times in milk could be due to the presence of other interacting proteins, components and ions which can affect adsorption of phage to the host. From the O157 phages, several such as CEV1, CEV2, KH1, SH1, e11/2 and e4/1c were tested in animals (Raya et al, 2006(Raya et al, , 2011Rivas et al, 2010;Sheng et al, 2006).…”
Bacteriophages are considered as promising biological agents for the control of infectious diseases. Sequencing of their genomes can ascertain the absence of antibiotic resistance, toxin or virulence genes. The anti-O157 : H7 coliphage, PhaxI, was isolated from a sewage sample in Iran. Morphological studies by transmission electron microscopy showed that it has an icosahedral capsid of 85-86 nm and a contractile tail of 115¾15 nm. PhaxI contains dsDNA composed of 156 628 nt with a G+C content of 44.5 mol% that encodes 209 putative proteins. In MS analysis of phage particles, 92 structural proteins were identified. PhaxI lyses Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in Luria-Bertani medium and milk, has an eclipse period of 20 min and a latent period of 40 min, and has a burst size of about 420 particles per cell. PhaxI is a member of the genus 'Viunalikevirus' of the family Myoviridae and is specific for E. coli O157 : H7.
“…Phage therapy has shown promise as an effective pre-harvest intervention by controlling foodborne pathogens in animals and birds (Raya et al, 2006(Raya et al, , 2011Lim et al, 2012;Carvalho et al, 2010). The proposed rationale for this approach is that phages may be used to prevent and/or significantly reduce colonization of pathogenic bacteria in livestock animals and birds.…”
Section: Pre-harvest Control Of Foodborne Pathogens In Food Producingmentioning
The present review focuses on applications of bacteriophages (also called 'Phages') in biocontrol of foodborne pathogens. Food borne diseases caused by bacterial pathogens are a threat to the human health and national economy. Further, there is an increase in multidrug resistance among bacterial pathogens and the conventional methods of food safety, generally involve use of chemicals having certain toxicity issues. The bacteriophages in contrast are natural enemies of bacteria and have regained their popularity as a natural biocontrol agent of bacterial pathogens. The bacteriophages are viruses that kill bacteria and are the most ubiquitous (total number estimated to be 10 30 -10 32 ) known organisms on earth. These are part of the normal microflora of all fresh and unprocessed foods and play a key role in maintaining microbial balance in every ecosystem where bacteria exist. Recently, there is a gaining interest among researchers regarding practical applications of bacteriophages to improve food safety. Many bacteriophage based preparations have been approved by regulatory authorities for their usage in food safety as food additives and disinfectants. Mainly, the application of phages for biocontrol of food pathogens are classified into three categories: (1) Pre-harvest control of foodborne pathogens in food producing livestock and poultry, (2) Decontamination of inanimate surfaces in food-processing facilities and other food establishments and (3) Post-harvest control of foodborne pathogens by direct applications of phages onto the harvested/processed foods. Commercially available phage products being marketed by several companies for reducing the presence of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in food and food production environment have been described and reviewed here.
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