Nature-based solutions across spatial urban scales: three case studies from Nice, Utrecht and Milan

Abstract

Cities are living systems throughout history and contemporary ones as well. A holistic vision for urban sustainability looks at the city as an integration of energy, environment, mobility, urban design, new technologies, and most importantly “people and nature”. In this article, the aim is to shed the light on the role of Nature-based solutions (NBS) towards addressing climate change crisis and tackling a variety of socio-ecological and urban biodiversity challenges. The paper claim for more evidence-based frameworks to understand the economic, social, and environmental benefits of NBS and to promote their inclusion in urban policies. Firstly, and most importantly, the role of NBS in shaping urban planning policies as a result of expansion and densification of cities is reviewed. Secondly, the co-benefits generated by NBS within the social and cultural regeneration of cities is reflected upon. Lastly, in this article case studies are given from Nice, Utrecht, and Milan in order to showcase those cities spatial strategies to implement NBS through different scales. The article discusses the role of NBS in addressing climate challenges and emphasizes the need for collaborative stakeholder engagement in their implementation. Spatial, governance, temporal, and financial challenges related to NBS implementation are identified, underscoring the complexity of integrating NBS into urban environments. The article concludes by advocating for the systematic integration of green and blue infrastructure and NBS into urban planning, emphasizing the importance of considering socio-cultural elements alongside environmental benefits.