Nature's Grand Experiment: Linkage between magnetospheric convection and the radiation belts

Rodger, Craig J.; Cresswell‐Moorcock, Kathy; Clilverd, Mark A.

doi:10.1002/2015ja021537

Cited by 43 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…This article has given an overview of the 16 years (>167 satellite years) of GPS data that have been released. The CXD electron fluxes, which have previously been shown to be of high quality [ Morley et al , ], clearly show the dynamics of the outer electron radiation belt during this time and are consistent with previous work [e.g., Baker and Blake , ; Rodger et al , ; Reeves et al , ]. The LANL‐GPS data allow mapping of the outer electron radiation belt with unprecedented data density [see, e.g., Morley et al , ] but enable a wealth of other studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Energetic Particle Data From the Global Positioning System Constellation

Morley¹,

Sullivan²,

Carver³

et al. 2017

Space Weather

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Since 2000, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Combined X‐ray and Dosimeter (CXD) and Burst Detector Dosimeter for Block II‐R (BDD‐IIR) instruments have been fielded on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Today, 21 of the 31 operational GPS satellites are equipped with a CXD detector and a further 2 carry a BDD‐IIR. Each of these instruments measures a wide range of energetic electrons and protons. These data have now been publicly released under the terms of the Executive Order for Coordinating Efforts to Prepare the Nation for Space Weather Events. The specific goal of releasing space weather data from the GPS satellites is to enable broad scientific community engagement in enhancing space weather model validation and improvements in space weather forecasting and situational awareness. The time period covered by this data release is approximately 16 years, which corresponds to more than 167 satellite years of data. The large number of GPS satellites, distributed over six orbital planes, will provide important context for ongoing and historical science missions, as well as enabling new types of research not previously possible.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Energetic Particle Data From the Global Positioning System Constellation

Morley¹,

Sullivan²,

Carver³

et al. 2017

Space Weather

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show abstract

“…However, whistler mode chorus waves are also implicated in pitch angle scattering that can move particles into the loss cone [ Horne and Thorne , ]. Similarly, EMIC waves can efficiently scatter particles into the loss cone [ Meredith et al ., ; Bortnik et al ., ; Hendry et al ., ; Usanova et al ., ; Rodger et al ., ]. A modeling study by Li et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts?

et al. 2016

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Substorms are fundamental and dynamic processes in the magnetosphere, converting captured solar wind magnetic energy into plasma energy. These substorms have been suggested to be a key driver of energetic electron enhancements in the outer radiation belts. Substorms inject a keV “seed” population into the inner magnetosphere which is subsequently energized through wave‐particle interactions up to relativistic energies; however, the extent to which substorms enhance the radiation belts, either directly or indirectly, has never before been quantified. In this study, we examine increases and decreases in the total radiation belt electron content (TRBEC) following substorms and geomagnetically quiet intervals. Our results show that the radiation belts are inherently lossy, shown by a negative median change in TRBEC at all intervals following substorms and quiet intervals. However, there are up to 3 times as many increases in TRBEC following substorm intervals. There is a lag of 1–3 days between the substorm or quiet intervals and their greatest effect on radiation belt content, shown in the difference between the occurrence of increases and losses in TRBEC following substorms and quiet intervals, the mean change in TRBEC following substorms or quiet intervals, and the cross correlation between SuperMAG AL (SML) and TRBEC. However, there is a statistically significant effect on the occurrence of increases and decreases in TRBEC up to a lag of 6 days. Increases in radiation belt content show a significant correlation with SML and SYM‐H , but decreases in the radiation belt show no apparent link with magnetospheric activity levels.

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“…Note that 2010 was used as it was a comparatively quiet year geomagnetically, if not as quiet as 2009 (for example, see the discussion in Rodger et al . []). Comparing this cleaned product to the original data shows how important correcting for HVDC operation is when considering the New Zealand DC data set.…”

Section: Correction For Hvdc Operationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long‐term geomagnetically induced current observations in New Zealand: Earth return corrections and geomagnetic field driver

et al. 2017

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Transpower New Zealand Limited has measured DC currents in transformer neutrals in the New Zealand electrical network at multiple South Island locations. Near‐continuous archived DC current data exist since 2001, starting with 12 different substations and expanding from 2009 to include 17 substations. From 2001 to 2015 up to 58 individual transformers were simultaneously monitored. Primarily, the measurements were intended to monitor the impact of the high‐voltage DC system linking the North and South Islands when it is operating in “Earth return” mode. However, after correcting for Earth return operation, as described here, the New Zealand measurements provide an unusually long and spatially detailed set of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) measurements. We examine the peak GIC magnitudes observed from these observations during two large geomagnetic storms on 6 November 2001 and 2 October 2013. Currents of ~30–50 A are observed, depending on the measurement location. There are large spatial variations in the GIC observations over comparatively small distances, which likely depend upon network layout and ground conductivity. We then go on to examine the GIC in transformers throughout the South Island during more than 151 h of geomagnetic storm conditions. We compare the GIC to the various magnitude and rate of change components of the magnetic field. Our results show that there is a strong correlation between the magnitude of the GIC and the rate of change of the horizontal magnetic field (H′). This correlation is particularly clear for transformers that show large GIC current during magnetic storms.

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Nature's Grand Experiment: Linkage between magnetospheric convection and the radiation belts

Cited by 43 publications

References 63 publications

Energetic Particle Data From the Global Positioning System Constellation

Energetic Particle Data From the Global Positioning System Constellation

What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts?

Long‐term geomagnetically induced current observations in New Zealand: Earth return corrections and geomagnetic field driver

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