NBOMe Compounds: Systematic Review and Data Crunching of the Surface Web

Al-Imam, Ahmed; AbdulMajeed, Ban A.

doi:10.5539/gjhs.v9n11p126

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The duration of action varies depending on the route of administration (Halberstadt and Geyer 2014 ). The effects of ingestion usually reflect the activation of serotonergic and adrenergic pathways and include severe visual and auditory hallucinations, agitation, aggressiveness, sweating, and psychotic/paranoid behavior (Al-Imam and Abdul Majeed 2017 ; Gee et al 2016 ; Hill and Thomas 2011 ; Nikolaou et al 2015 ). NBOMes have been associated with severe non-fatal toxicity and fatalities (Baumann et al 2017 ; Halberstadt 2017 ; Kyriakou et al 2015 ; Rose et al 2013 ; Shanks et al 2015 ; Walterscheid et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallucinogen-Like Action of the Novel Designer Drug 25I-NBOMe and Its Effect on Cortical Neurotransmitters in Rats

et al. 2019

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NBOMes are N-benzylmethoxy derivatives of the 2C family hallucinogens. 4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) is one of the commonly used illicit drugs. It exhibits high binding affinity for 5-HT 2A/C and 5-HT 1A serotonin receptors. Activation of 5-HT 2A receptor induces head-twitch response (HTR) in rodents, a behavioral marker of hallucinogen effect in humans. There is not much data on neurochemical properties of NBOMes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of 25I-NBOMe on extracellular level of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and glutamate (GLU) in the rat frontal cortex, tissue contents of monoamines, and hallucinogenic activity in rats. The extracellular levels of DA, 5-HT, and GLU were studied using microdialysis in freely moving animals. The tissue contents of DA, 5-HT and their metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were determined in the rat frontal cortex. We also tested a drug-elicited HTR. 25I-NBOMe at doses 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg (sc) increased extracellular DA, 5-HT, and GLU levels, enhanced tissue content of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, but did not affect tissue level of DA and its metabolites. The compound exhibited an inverted U -shaped dose-response curve with respect to the effect on extracellular DA and 5-HT levels, but a U -shaped dose-response curve was observed for its effect on GLU release and HTR. The data from our study suggest that hallucinogenic activity of 25I-NBOMe seems to be related with the increase in extracellular GLU level-mediated via cortical 5-HT 2A receptors. The influence of 25I-NBOMe on 5-HT 2C and 5-HT 1A receptors may modulate its effect on neurotransmitters and HTR. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12640-019-00033-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hallucinogen-Like Action of the Novel Designer Drug 25I-NBOMe and Its Effect on Cortical Neurotransmitters in Rats

et al. 2019

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“…However, it was impossible to infer the former as our study represents an amalgam of data analytics, encompassing non-Bayesian statistical analysis, machine learning, a review of the literature with critical appraisal, and a case report. Nonetheless, future research on HEV light should incorporate studies of the supreme level of evidence (level-1 and 2), including randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analytic studies [12][13][14][15]. We recommend clinical research scientists to incorporate online information research behavior and digital epidemiology data to complement classical epidemiological and experimental knowledge concerning the high-energy visible light and photochemically-induced retinal injury.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Web Query Behaviour Concerning HEV (Blue) Light in Ophthalmology

Al-Imam

Al-Doori

2021

JFacMedBagdad

Self Cite

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Background: High-energy visible (HEV) possesses high-frequency in the violet-blue band of the visible light spectrum. Blue light has relevance to ophthalmology via photochemically-induced retinal injury. Objectives: To explore the spatial-temporal mapping of online search behavior concerning HEV light. Materials and Methods: We retrieved raw data of web search volume, via Microsoft Google Trends, using five search topics; "Biological effects of HEV light", "Vision impairment", "Macular degeneration", "Retinal tear", and "Retinal detachment", for the period 2004-2020. Results: Web users, mainly from Far-East Asia and Australasia, were most interested in seeking online information concerning "Macular degeneration" and "Vision impairment" search topics, moderately interested in "Biological effects of HEV light" and "Retinal detachment", and least interested in "Retinal tear". Internet users from the Middle East and Arab world contributed minimally to the holistic map. Web queries increased at both chronological ends, 2004-2006 and 2018-2020; however, these trends were respondent to specific search topics. For instance, the search volume for the "Biological effects of HEV light" increased significantly in 2018-2020. Predictive modeling was most accurate for "Biological effects of HEV light". The strongest correlation was for "Vision impairment" versus "Macular degeneration". ANOVA, linear modeling, and machine learning unanimously agreed on predictors' significant effect (search topics and time) on the web search volume. Conclusion: Web queries' mapping provided indirect evidence on the causality between HEV light and retinal damage. Future research mandates rigor observational and experimental studies.

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“…The duration of action varies for each route of administration [ 36 ]. The effects of ingestion are usually an outcome of the activation of serotoninergic and adrenergic pathways and may include severe visual and auditory hallucinations, agitation, aggressiveness, long-lasting seizures, tachycardia, sweating, hypertension and hyperthermia, and psychotic/paranoid behavior [ 12 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. Based on recent knowledge, the risk of NBOMes toxicity excludes these 5-HT2 receptor agonists from the treatment of a range of psychiatric disorders.…”

Section: Nbomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and Medical Aspects of Psychedelics

Wojtas,

Gołembiowska

2023

IJMS

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Psychedelics belong to the oldest psychoactive drugs. They arouse recent interest due to their therapeutic applications in the treatment of major depressive disorder, substance use disorder, end-of-life anxiety,= and anxiety symptoms, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. In this review, the current state of preclinical research on the mechanism of action, neurotoxicity, and behavioral impact of psychedelics is summarized. The effect of selective 5-HT2A receptor agonists, 25I- and 25B-NBOMe, after acute and repeated administration is characterized and compared with the effects of a less selective drug, psilocybin. The data show a significant effect of NBOMes on glutamatergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic neurotransmission in the frontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. The increases in extracellular levels of neurotransmitters were not dose-dependent, which most likely resulted from the stimulation of the 5-HT2A receptor and subsequent activation of the 5-HT2C receptors. This effect was also observed in the wet dog shake test and locomotor activity. Chronic administration of NBOMes elicited rapid development of tolerance, genotoxicity, and activation of microglia. Acute treatment with psilocybin affected monoaminergic and aminoacidic neurotransmitters in the frontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and hippocampus but not in the amygdala. Psilocybin exhibited anxiolytic properties resulting from intensification of GABAergic neurotransmission. The data indicate that NBOMes as selective 5-HT2A agonists exert a significant effect on neurotransmission and behavior of rats while also inducing oxidative DNA damage. In contrast to NBOMes, the effects induced by psilocybin suggest a broader therapeutic index of this drug.

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NBOMe Compounds: Systematic Review and Data Crunching of the Surface Web

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Hallucinogen-Like Action of the Novel Designer Drug 25I-NBOMe and Its Effect on Cortical Neurotransmitters in Rats

Hallucinogen-Like Action of the Novel Designer Drug 25I-NBOMe and Its Effect on Cortical Neurotransmitters in Rats

Web Query Behaviour Concerning HEV (Blue) Light in Ophthalmology

Molecular and Medical Aspects of Psychedelics

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