Needle ultrastructure and starch content in Scots pine and Norway spruce after ozone fumigation

Holopainen, Toini; Anttonen, S.; Palomäki, Virpi; Kainulainen, Pirjo; Holopainen, Jarmo K.

doi:10.1139/b96-010

Cited by 45 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, O 3 alone did not have any eects on foliar starch concentration as shown earlier by Anttonen and KaÈ renlampi (1995) and Peace et al (1995) with Scots pine seedlings exposed to long-term low O 3 concentrations. In chamber experiments, reduced concentrations of starch were detected in pine foliage (Meier et al 1990;Paynter et al 1991;Kainulainen et al 1994;Holopainen et al 1996) after exposure to higher O 3 concentrations than in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

The influence of elevated CO 2 and O 3 concentrations on Scots pine needles: changes in starch and secondary metabolites over three exposure years

Kainulainen

Holopainen

1998

Oecologia

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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees, aged about 20 years old, growing on a natural pine heath were exposed to two concentrations of CO (ambient CO and double-ambient CO) and two O regimes (ambient O and double-ambient O) and their combination in open-top chambers during growing seasons 1994, 1995 and 1996. Concentrations of foliar starch and secondary compounds are reported in this paper. Starch concentrations remained unaffected by elevated CO and/or O concentrations during the first 2 study years. But in the autumn of the last study year, a significantly higher concentration of starch was found in current-year needles of trees exposed to elevated CO compared with ambient air. There were large differences in concentrations of starch and secondary compounds between individual trees. Elevated concentrations of CO and/or O did not have any significant effects on the concentrations of foliar total monoterpenes, total resin acids or total phenolics. Significantly higher concentrations of monoterpenes and resin acids and mostly lower concentrations of starch were found in trees growing without chambers than in those growing in open-top chambers, while there were no differences in concentrations of total phenolics between trees growing without or in chambers. The results suggest that elevated concentrations of CO might increase foliar starch concentrations in Scots pine, while secondary metabolites remain unaffected. Realistically elevated O concentrations do not have clear effects on carbon allocation to starch and secondary compounds even after 3 exposure years.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

The influence of elevated CO 2 and O 3 concentrations on Scots pine needles: changes in starch and secondary metabolites over three exposure years

Kainulainen

Holopainen

1998

Oecologia

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“…The present results and those obtained earlier in Finland Sutinen and Koivisto 1992) are among the first to show that the changes induced experimentally in the needles of conifer saplings by ozone in open-top chambers (Sutinen et al 1990) or open-field fumigations (Holopainen et al 1996) can also be found in the needles of mature trees in the field. Monthly mean ozone concentrations during the growing seasons in such experiments are the same as those measured in the presented area in 1991±1994 (52±61 mg m ±3 ) or slightly elevated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Walles et al 1973;Soikkeli 1980) and of cells showing injuries related to (1) sulphur dioxide, as indicated by darkening of the cytoplasm and precipitation of tannin (Soikkeli 1981a;Holopainen et al 1992;, (2) acidic wet deposition, as indicated by vacuolation of the cytoplasm , and (3) ozone exposure, as indicated by reduced, dark chloroplasts (Sutinen et al 1990;Holopainen et al 1996), were calculated by the point counting method (Romppanen and Collan 1984) on the monitor of a slide projector. Nutrient concentration analysis showed that all the stands 3,5,6,7,8,10,14 and 15 were selected for the structural studies may have had a slight nitrogen deficiency.…”

Section: Sampling and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Light microscopic structure of needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in relation to air pollution and needle element concentrations in S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.W. Russia

Sutinen

Lumme

Mäenpää

et al. 1998

Trees

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Light microscopic structure of needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in relation to air pollution and needle element concentrations in S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.W. RussiaAbstractmThe mesophyll structure of current and second year needles of mature Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.), growing on a survey line from the Karelian Isthmus (N.W. Leningrad region, Russia) to S.E. Finland, was studied at the light microscopic level in 1992 and 1994. The area is affected by sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from Russia (200 000±285 000 ton/year SO2 and about 100 000 ton/year NOX), Estonia (140 000±320 000 ton/ year SO2 and 30 000±50 000 ton/year NOX) and Finland (6000±9000 ton/year SO2 and 23 000±25 000 ton/year NOX) and by unknown amounts of neutralizing compounds from Estonia. Mean concentrations of SO2 were between 1.0 and 1.5 mg m ±3 and those of ozone between 52 and 61 mg m ±3 during growing seasons of 1991±1994. The concentrations tended to be lower in 1993/94 than in 1991/92. The results showed cellular changes related to exposure to sulphur dioxide, ozone and acid wet deposition. The percentage of cells with injuries related to acid deposition was higher in 1994 than in 1992, possibly due to higher reduction of neutralizing than of acidifying compounds in the main emission areas, while the percentage of cells with injuries related to sulphur dioxide correlated positively with needle sulphur concentrations and showed a declining trend between Karelian Isthmus and S.E. Finland in the needles sampled in 1992. These changes and those related to ozone were considerably less numerous in 1994 than in 1992, possibly on account of the lower concentrations of SO2 and ozone in 1993/94 than in 1991/92, especially in early summer, the time of the most sensitive phase of needle growth. In addition, periods of lower wet deposition in summer 1992, and considerably lower temperatures in autumn/winter 1992 than in 1994 may have enhanced the injuries in the needles collected in October/December 1992, relative to those collected in 1994. The results of the microscopic work agreed well with the simultaneous chemical measurements, pointing to the usefulness of cellular analysis for diagnostic work in the field.

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“…According to other studies, cell structural changes indicate that exposure to air pollutants, such as exhaust gases (Viskari et al 2000) or ozone (Holopainen et al 1996;Soda et al 2000), or nutrient deficiencies such as Mg deficiency (Hannick et al 1993), accelerate senescence of conifer needles. The meaning of the word senescence has often been used incorrectly to describe ageing in green conifer needles (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Microscopic structure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)) needles during ageing and autumnal senescence

Kivimäenpää

Sutinen

2007

Trees

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Needle ageing and senescence were studied in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees growing in natural conditions with minimal anthropogenic influence. The four existing needle generations were analyzed by light and transmission electron microscopy before and during autumnal yellowing of the oldest needle generation. The change from green to yellow occurred within less than 4 days in central Finland. The structure of the oldest needles remained largely intact as long as they were green. Increase in mitochondrion size and hypertrophy of the phloem parenchyma were the only changes, probably related to the approaching senescence. In the yellow needles, the structure of the mesophyll tissue varied from nearly intact with reduced chloroplasts and higher numbers of plastoglobuli, to totally disintegrated cells. In the disintegrated cells, peroxisomes were absent, and chloroplasts were smaller with a patchy appearance and degraded, eventually emptylooking stroma. Mitochondria were enlarged, but retained integrity until the last stages of deterioration, and lipids increased. At the light microscopic level, vacuolar volume in mesophyll cells and cavity formation in transfusion tissue increased. Ageing was characterized by increases in the vacuolar volume and cytoplasmic lipids, altered appearance of vacuolar tannin from homogenous 'sandy', to large spherical drops and finally to a large mass in the mesophyll, and by hypertrophy and tannin accumulation in the phloem parenchyma. Changes related to needle ageing, senescence and cell location in the mesophyll tissue were discussed relative to findings with stress by strong light, weather conditions and ozone.

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Needle ultrastructure and starch content in Scots pine and Norway spruce after ozone fumigation

Cited by 45 publications

References 37 publications

The influence of elevated CO 2 and O 3 concentrations on Scots pine needles: changes in starch and secondary metabolites over three exposure years

The influence of elevated CO 2 and O 3 concentrations on Scots pine needles: changes in starch and secondary metabolites over three exposure years

Light microscopic structure of needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in relation to air pollution and needle element concentrations in S.E. Finland and the Karelian Isthmus, N.W. Russia

Microscopic structure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris (L.)) needles during ageing and autumnal senescence

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