Negative refractive index in a Doppler broadened three-level Λ-type atomic medium

Abstract

We have achieved a negative refractive index with significantly reduced absorption in a three-level Λ-type atomic gas medium under Doppler broadening. It shows that the conditions for obtaining negative refractive index in the presence of Doppler broadening are very different from those of Doppler broadening absent. In particular, in order to obtain negative refractive index in the case of Doppler broadening the coupling laser intensity must be approximately ten times greater than that when the Doppler broadening is ignored. Meanwhile, the frequency band of negative refractive index with Doppler broadening is significantly expanded (about a hundred times) compared to that without Doppler broadening, however, the amplitude of negative refractive index decreases with increasing temperature (or Doppler width). Even in some cases as temperature (Doppler width) increases, the left-handedness of the material can disappear. In addition, we also show that the amplitude and the frequency band of negative refractive index can be changed by adjusting the intensity and the frequency of coupling laser. Our theoretical investigation can be useful for selection of laser parameters under different temperature conditions to achieve negative refractive index in experimental implementation.

Nonreciprocal negative refraction in a dense hot atomic medium

“…When the temperature increases, the depth and width of the EIT window dramatically reduce, and the electromagnetic response of the medium becomes weak so that the relative permeability amplitude decreases. [70] As the temperature is very high, the Doppler shifts get very large so that the EIT sate cannot exist in both directions and the relative permeability becomes positive in both cases as shown in Fig. 3(d).…”