Neglecting emerging diseases – monkeypox is the latest price of a costly default

Titanji, Boghuma K

doi:10.1016/j.medj.2022.06.002

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…16 Nevertheless, the term is misleading because rodents such as squirrels and rats are largest animal reservoirs of the virus. 17 It has been observed that individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa have contracted mpox as a result of close contact with infected animals, indicating the presence of this disease for several decades. In 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo announced the first human case of mpox.…”

Section: History Epidemiology and Transmission Of Mpoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Global Re-emergence of Monkeypox: A Synoptic Review

Memariani,

Memariani

2024

Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

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As the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic continues to rage, the unprecedented manifold increase in monkeypox (mpox) cases throughout the world is raising qualms about a possible pandemic. As of January 2024, the disease has been reported in around 116 countries, with nearly 92,500 confirmed cases and 170 deaths. In this mini-review, we have endeavored to cover multiple aspects of the mpox disease. Mpox virus is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The disease is endemic in certain African countries. Until recently, however, the disease was rarely reported in Europe and the United States. In contrast to the previous outbreaks outside Africa, reported cases in the 2022 outbreak did not travel to the endemic areas. Superspreading events at mass gatherings, multiple-partner sexual encounters, and international travel were major drivers of the recent global outbreak of mpox. The 2022 mpox virus may have undergone accelerated evolution. It diverges from the related 2018 to 2019 viruses by around 50 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, some of which brought about amino acid changes in immunogenic surface glycoprotein B21. Differential diagnosis for mpox could be quite challenging since it can masquerade as a wide variety of illnesses. Worse still, some patients may be asymptomatic or show subtle symptoms. The infection is confirmed by conventional or real-time polymerase chain reaction on lesion material. Although there is no specific therapy approved for mpox infections, two antivirals (tecovirimat and brincidofovir) and vaccinia immune globulin may be used. Vaccines also provide protection against mpox when properly administered prior to exposure. Finally, the implementation of preventive measures is of paramount importance, especially in regions where mpox transmission is widespread and among high-risk populations.

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Section: History Epidemiology and Transmission Of Mpoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fig.3Important practical implications and guidance for at-risk groups in relation to mpox disease 17,49. CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; HCWs, healthcare workers; MSM, men who have sex with men; WHO, World Health Organization.…”

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confidence: 99%

Global Re-emergence of Monkeypox: A Synoptic Review

Memariani,

Memariani

2024

Ibnosina Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences

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“…5B, in the absence of antiviral treatment, the mathematical model [corresponding to Eqs. (3)(4) in Supporting Note-2] predicted that MPXV viral load would exponentially increases for the first 0.71 days and then peak, which would be followed by a gradual decline (Fig. 5B, gray, Fig.…”

Section: Impact Of Anti-viral Drugs On Mpxv Infection In Clinical Set...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic virus classified in the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family that causes smallpox-like symptoms in humans 1, 2, 3 . After the first reports of human infection were reported in Congo in 1970, monkeypox cases have been primarily reported in Central and West African countries, with rare reports in other countries that have been linked with importation and travel from endemic African regions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential anti-monkeypox virus activity of atovaquone, mefloquine, and molnupiravir, and their potential use as treatments

Akazawa

Ohashi

Hishiki

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic orthopoxvirus that causes smallpox-like symptoms in humans and caused an outbreak in May 2022 that led the WHO to declare global health emergency. In this study, from a screening of approved-drug libraries using an MPXV infection cell system, atovaquone, mefloquine, and molnupiravir exhibited anti-MPXV activity, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.51-5.2 microM, which is more potent than cidofovir. Whereas mefloquine was suggested to inhibit viral entry, atovaquone and molnupiravir targeted post-entry process to impair intracellular virion accumulation. Inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, a target enzyme of atovaquone, showed conserved anti-MPXV activities. Combining atovaquone with tecovirimat enhanced the anti-MPXV effect of tecovirimat. Quantitative mathematical simulations predicted that atovaquone can promote viral clearance in patients by seven days at clinically relevant drug concentrations. Moreover, atovaquone and molnupiravir exhibited pan-Orthopoxvirus activity against vaccinia and cowpox viruses. These data suggest that atovaquone would be potential candidates for treating monkeypox.

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