NETEC Cold Crucible Induction Melter Demonstration for SRNL with Simulated Sludge Batch 4 DWPF Waste

Smith, M. Elliot; Barnes, Allan B.; Choi, Alex; Marra, James C.

doi:10.1002/9780470538371.ch4

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In Korea, the cold crucible induction melter (CCIM) was designed by the Nuclear Environment Technology Institute to vitrify low-and intermediate-level radioactive waste [21]. Unlike jouleheated melters for which the operating temperature is limited to 1150°C, the CCIM can be operated at temperatures up to 1700°C.…”

Section: Rare Earth Oxides In Borosilicate Glassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Crystallization can be problematic if large, high-density crystals precipitate and settle in the melter [22]. In the demonstration test of the CCIM at Savannah River National Laboratory for vitrification of a simulated HLW, researchers concluded that crystal settling might interfere with, and potentially obstruct, the bottom discharge valve of the melter [21]. In addition, RE oxides have a strong tendency to form crystalline phases in glass melts [23] depending on the type, size, and quantity of the crystal [17].…”

Section: Rare Earth Oxides In Borosilicate Glassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Liquidus temperature and chemical durability of selected glasses to immobilize rare earth oxides waste

Fadzil

Hrma

Schweiger

et al. 2015

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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Pyroprocessing is a reprocessing method for managing and reusing used nuclear fuel (UNF) by dissolving it in an electrorefiner with a molten alkali or alkaline earth chloride salt mixture while avoiding wet reprocessing. Pyroprocessing UNF with a LiCl-KCl eutectic salt releases the fission products from the fuel and generates a variety of metallic and salt-based species, including rare earth (RE) chlorides. If the RE-chlorides are converted to oxides, borosilicate glass is a prime candidate for their immobilization because of its durability and ability to dissolve almost any RE waste component into the matrix at high loadings. Crystallization that occurs in waste glasses as the waste loading increases may complicate glass processing and affect the product quality. This work compares three types of borosilicate glasses in terms of liquidus temperature (T L): the International Simple Glass designed by the International Working Group, sodium borosilicate glass developed by Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power, and the lanthanide aluminoborosilicate (LABS) glass established in the United States. The LABS glass allows the highest waste loadings (over 50 mass% RE 2 O 3) while possessing an acceptable chemical durability.

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Section: Rare Earth Oxides In Borosilicate Glassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rare Earth Oxides In Borosilicate Glassesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquidus temperature and chemical durability of selected glasses to immobilize rare earth oxides waste

Fadzil

Hrma

Schweiger

et al. 2015

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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“…Generally, the processing technology that allows a high fraction of crystallinity can produce durable waste forms with high waste loading. Unlike the conventional Joule-heated melters that operate at 1150°C, an advanced melter technology such as a Page 3 of 17 cold crucible induction melter can operate at temperatures as high as 1700°C, thus possibly avoiding crystallization problems altogether [22,23].…”

Section: Page 2 Of 17mentioning

confidence: 99%

Component effects on crystallization of RE-containing aluminoborosilicate glass

Fadzil

Hrma

Schweiger

et al. 2016

Journal of Nuclear Materials

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Lanthanide-aluminoborosilicate (LABS) glass is one option for immobilizing rare earth (RE) oxide fission products generated during reprocessing of pyroprocessed fuel. This glass system can accommodate a high loading of RE oxides and has excellent chemical durability. The present study describes efforts to model equilibrium crystallinity as a function of glass composition and temperature as well as liquidus temperature (T L) as a function of glass composition. The experimental method for determining T L was ASTM C1720-11. Typically, three crystalline phases were formed in each glass: Ce-borosilicate (Ce 3 BSi 2 O 10), mullite (Al 10 Si 2 O 19), and corundum (Al 2 O 3). Cerianite (CeO 2) was a common minor crystalline phase and Nd-silicate (Nd 2 Si 2 O 7) occurred in some of the glasses. In the composition region studied, T L decreased as SiO 2 and B 2 O 3 fractions increased and strongly increased with increasing fractions of RE oxides; Al 2 O 3 had a moderate effect on the T L but, as expected, it strongly affected the precipitation of Al-containing crystals.

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“…Frit 503-R3 replaced 2 wt% of Na 2 O in frit 503 with additional 2 wt% of B 2 O 3 . It was selected for a 550 mm CCIM (with 12 bubblers) test conducted at Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power (KHNP) research center with waste loading of 50 wt% (Smith 2008;Smith et al 2009). The total alkali content of this glass was slightly increased from that of frit 503-R4 to increase the electrical conductivity at the targeted melting temperature of 1250°C.…”

Section: Frit 503-r3 (Khnp)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicate Based Glass Formulations for Immobilization of U.S. Defense Wastes Using Cold Crucible Induction Melters

Smith¹,

Kim²,

Schweiger³

et al. 2014

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The cold crucible induction melter (CCIM) is an alternative technology to the currently deployed liquid-fed, ceramic-lined, Joule-heated melter (LFCM) for immobilizing of U.S. tank waste generated from defense related reprocessing. In order to accurately evaluate the potential benefits of deploying a CCIM, glasses must be developed specifically for that melting technology. Related glass formulation efforts have been conducted since the 1990s including a recent study that is first documented in this report (Section 4.0). The purpose of this report is to summarize the silicate based glass formulation efforts for CCIM testing of U.S. tank wastes. Summaries of phosphate based glass formulation and phosphate and silicate based CCIM demonstration tests are reported separately (Day and Ray 2013 and Marra 2013, respectively). Combined these three reports summarize the current state of knowledge related to waste form development and process testing of CCIM technology for U.S. tank wastes. Unique aspects of the CCIM technology allow for higher processing temperatures and higher tolerance to solid inclusions in the melt as compared to the LFCM. Insufficient testing and system design work has been performed to identify the exact melter processing related glass property limits. However, a preliminary set of limits has been developed based on the testing performed to date. These limits include: viscosity at the melting temperature (T M) between 0.6 to 6 Pa•s, electrical conductivity at T M between 20 to 80 S/m, spinel content in the melt of ≤10 volume % at T M , and no metal or ceramic corrosion limits. These preliminary limits can serve as a starting point for glass formulation until sufficient testing data is available to refine them. Hanford tank wastes from tanks C-102 (characterized by high-aluminum) and 244-TX (high-iron) were selected for glass formulation development in this study. They are two among eight tank wastes with appreciable quantity of large particulate Pu oxide and Pu metal that could challenge the criticality safety for these Hanford tanks and possibly the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). The C-102 glass with 34 wt% Al 2 O 3 (54.4 wt% waste loading) was successfully formulated to satisfy the major constraints for the high-alumina glasses, crystallinity after slow cooling and product consistency test (PCT) of as-prepared and slow cooled glasses. The glass formulation with high-iron 244-TX waste also resulted in the maximum loading of 34 wt% Fe 2 O 3 (55.9 wt% waste loading) that satisfy the major constraints for the 244-TX glasses, no salt formation and PCT of as-prepared and slow cooled glasses. The C-102 glass with 34 wt% Al 2 O 3 was recommended for CCIM melter testing and was fully characterized for all the properties required for melter operation. A number of glasses have been formulated to take advantage of the higher processing temperature and tolerance to solid inclusions aspects of the CCIM and are summarized in this report. Generally, waste loading can be increased for ...

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NETEC Cold Crucible Induction Melter Demonstration for SRNL with Simulated Sludge Batch 4 DWPF Waste

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Liquidus temperature and chemical durability of selected glasses to immobilize rare earth oxides waste

Liquidus temperature and chemical durability of selected glasses to immobilize rare earth oxides waste

Component effects on crystallization of RE-containing aluminoborosilicate glass

Silicate Based Glass Formulations for Immobilization of U.S. Defense Wastes Using Cold Crucible Induction Melters

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