Network analysis of cattle and pig movements in Sweden: Measures relevant for disease control and risk based surveillance

Nöremark, Maria; Håkansson, Nina; Lewerin, Susanna Sternberg; Lindberg, Ann; Jonsson, Annie

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2010.12.009

Cited by 153 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Cattle that are moved off the farm and returned again can potentially become infected with L. hardjo through contact with other animals or through access to contaminated pastures or water sources. The findings in the present study are also in agreement with Nöremark et al (2011) who reported that markets are potential sources of infectious disease in Sweden. Similar to Salmonella, grazing of contaminated pasture by young stock was a risk factor for herds being bulk milk positive to L. hardjo and again highlights that direct and indirect contact between different age groups of cattle should be minimised to prevent new infections occurring in young-stock.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Management practices as risk factors for the presence of bulk milk antibodies to Salmonella, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in Irish dairy herds

Doherty

Berry

Grady

et al. 2014

Animal

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A survey of management practices in 309 Irish dairy herds was used to identify risk factors for the presence of antibodies to Salmonella, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in extensively managed unvaccinated dairy herds. A previous study documented a herd-level seroprevalence in bulk milk of 49%, 19% and 86% for Salmonella, Neospora caninum and leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, respectively in the unvaccinated proportion of these 309 herds in 2009. Association analyses in the present study were carried out using multiple logistic regression models. Herds where cattle were purchased or introduced had a greater likelihood of being positive to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (P < 0.01) and Salmonella (P < 0.01). Larger herds had a greater likelihood of recording a positive bulk milk antibody result to leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (P < 0.05). Herds that practiced year round calving were more likely to be positive to Neospora caninum (P < 0.05) compared to herds with a spring-calving season, with no difference in risk between herds that practiced split calving compared to herds that practiced spring calving. No association was found between presence of dogs on farms and prevalence of Neospora caninum possibly due to limited access of dogs to infected materials including afterbirths. The information from this study will assist in the design of suitable control programmes for the diseases under investigation in pasture-based livestock systems.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Management practices as risk factors for the presence of bulk milk antibodies to Salmonella, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in Irish dairy herds

Doherty

Berry

Grady

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…Moreover, a new measurement proposed by Nö remark et al (2011) was calculated, the ingoing infection chain, which identifies the number of holdings that are connected to one holding taking into account the order of the movements (Nö remark et al, 2011). The order in which contacts occur is important, as animals leaving a holding before introduction of infection do not constitute a risk for the spread of disease.…”

Section: Network Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sequence by which the movements occur is taken into account. It identifies holdings with many contacts through live animal movements and thus at potentially higher risk for introduction of contagious diseases (Nö remark et al, 2011) Vulnerability of swine trade to disease spread Network analyses were performed using the Igraph package (v 0.5.2, http://igraph.sourceforge.net) for R software (Anonymous, 2009).…”

Section: Ingoing Infection Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traceability becomes a tool that may be used to carry out surveillance, prevention or control of animal disease (Ammendrup and Barcos, 2006). For example, national cattle trade data have been widely studied using network analysis methods (social network analysis (SNA)) for the characterization of trade organization and the detection of communities to qualify their vulnerability structure and to target surveillance (Christley et al, 2005;Bigras-Poulin et al, 2006;Natale et al, 2009;Rautureau et al, 2011;Nö remark et al, 2011). Fewer studies -E-mail: severine.rautureau@anses.fr; sev_rautureau@yahoo.fr were dedicated to the pig trade network (Bigras-Poulin et al, 2007;Martinez-Lopez et al, 2009a;Lentz et al, 2011;Nö remark et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural vulnerability of the French swine industry trade network to the spread of infectious diseases

Rautureau

Dufour

Durand

2012

Animal

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The networks generated by live animal movements are the principal vector for the propagation of infectious agents between farms, and their topology strongly affects how fast a disease may spread. The structural characteristics of networks may thus provide indicators of network vulnerability to the spread of infectious disease. This study applied social network analysis methods to describe the French swine trade network. Initial analysis involved calculating several parameters to characterize networks and then identifying high-risk subgroups of holdings for different time scales. Holding-specific centrality measurements (‘degree’, ‘betweenness’ and ‘ingoing infection chain’), which summarize the place and the role of holdings in the network, were compared according to the production type. In addition, network components and communities, areas where connectedness is particularly high and could influence the speed and the extent of a disease, were identified and analysed. Dealer holdings stood out because of their high centrality values suggesting that these holdings may control the flow of animals in part of the network. Herds with growing units had higher values for degree and betweenness centrality, representing central positions for both spreading and receiving disease, whereas herds with finishing units had higher values for in-degree and ingoing infection chain centrality values and appeared more vulnerable with many contacts through live animal movements and thus at potentially higher risk for introduction of contagious diseases. This reflects the dynamics of the swine trade with downward movements along the production chain. But, the significant heterogeneity of farms with several production units did not reveal any particular type of production for targeting disease surveillance or control. Besides, no giant strong connected component was observed, the network being rather organized according to communities of small or medium size (<20% of network size). Because of this fragmentation, the swine trade network appeared less structurally vulnerable than ruminant trade networks. This fragmentation is explained by the hierarchical structure, which thus limits the structural vulnerability of the global trade network. However, inside communities, the hierarchical structure of the swine production system would favour the spread of an infectious agent (especially if introduced in breeding herds).

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“…The network analysis is a method applied to investigate live animal movements, and it is used each year by more and more researchers for several purposes, such as for example, for the support of disease control strategies and risk-based surveillance [15]. Within the veterinary epidemiology field, this method has been increasingly popular in the recent years [15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between the swine production areas and the human population in Pinar del Río province, Cuba

Fonseca¹,

Santoro²,

Alfonso³

et al. 2017

Int J One Health

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Association between the swine production areas and the human population in Pinar del Río province, Cuba. Int J One Health 2017;3:36-41. AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the association between high human population density and high pig production in the province of Pinar del Río, Cuba. Materials and Methods:Records on pig movements at the district level in Pinar del Río province from July 2010 to December 2012 were used in the study. A network analysis was carried out considering districts, as nodes, and movements of pigs between them represented the edges. The in-degree parameter was calculated using R 3.1.3 software. Graphical representation of the network was done with Gephi 0.8.2, and ArcGIS 10.2. was used for the spatial analysis to detect clusters by the Getis-Ord Gi* method and visualize maps as well. Results: Significant spatial clusters of high values (hot spots) and low values (cold spots) of in-degree were identified.A cluster of high values was located in the central area of the province, and a cluster of low values involving municipalities of the Western zone was detected. Logistic regression demonstrated that a higher human population density per district was associated (odds ratio=16.020, 95% confidence interval: 1.692-151.682, p=0.016) with areas of high pork production. Conclusion:Hot spot of swine production in Pinar del Río is associated with human densely populated districts, which may suppose a risk of spillover of pathogens able to infect animals and humans. These results can be considered in strategy planning in terms of pork production increases and improvements of sanitary, commercial, and economic policies by decision-makers.

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Network analysis of cattle and pig movements in Sweden: Measures relevant for disease control and risk based surveillance

Cited by 153 publications

References 28 publications

Management practices as risk factors for the presence of bulk milk antibodies to Salmonella, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in Irish dairy herds

Management practices as risk factors for the presence of bulk milk antibodies to Salmonella, Neospora caninum and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in Irish dairy herds

Structural vulnerability of the French swine industry trade network to the spread of infectious diseases

Association between the swine production areas and the human population in Pinar del Río province, Cuba

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